第六讲 【护正知品】
Lecture 6 : Chapter Five Guarding Alertness
日期:二零零三年六月七日
上文讲到寂天菩萨提出「修行唯护心」,又提到护心有两种方法:一是让正知监察身、语、意三门;另一种方法是以正念时刻清楚仔细知道取舍善恶;培养正念,正知便一秒钟也不离开内心。这次讲座主要是具体说明如何以正念正知去护心,再进一步去守持菩萨戒。菩萨戒可分三方面来说:摄律仪戒、摄善法戒和饶益有情戒。所谓摄律仪戒是不做任何伤害众生的事,并以正念正知来保护我们的心。寂天菩萨指出,要修好摄律仪戒,首先要以正知监察身、语、意三门;「心意初生际,知其有过已,即时护正念,坚持住如树。」「时时应细察,此身云何住?」「尽力遍观察:此若狂象心,紧系念法柱,已栓未失否?」跟着,为了防患未然,便要放弃无意义的聊天、观赏话剧;当自己要面对这些无聊场面时,便要以正念来护心;当自己知道快把持不住时,便要回忆下三恶道的痛苦。寂天菩萨提出:「若身欲移动,或口欲出言,应先观自心,安稳如理行。」此外,寂天菩萨认为一个理想的菩萨,应该要「深信极肯定,坚稳恭有礼,知惭畏因果,寂静勤予乐」。最后,寂天菩萨认为要提高守持律仪的效果,修行者应时刻想到:经长久的时间和难得的机会才获得暇满人身,故应珍惜并守住菩提心,「不动如须弥」。
(三十四)
心意初生际,知其有过已,
即时护正念,坚持住如树。1
在心意开始活动之际,就要检察自心。若找到错处或不足的地方,就应该稳重安住,像大树一样,不为烦恼所动。
When, just as I am about to act, I see that my mind is tainted with defilement. At such a time I should remain unmovable, like a piece of wood.
(三十五)
吾终不应当,无义散漫望;
决志当恒常,垂眼向下看。
我不再让视线往四周的空间无意义地散漫张望,只以坚定的意志,经常保持双眼垂视2。
Never should I look around distractedly for no purpose; with a resolute mind I should always keep my eyes cast downwards.
(三十六)
苏息吾眼故,偶宜顾四方。
若见某人至,正视道善来。
为了让垂视的眼睛得到松弛,我应该偶尔四面看看,如果有人站在我的视线范围内,我将以友善的话语对他说:「你好!」
But in order to relax the gaze for a short while I should look around, and if someone appears in my field of vision I should look at him and say “Welcome.”
(三十七)
为察道途险,四处频观望;
憩时宜回顾,背面细检索。
为了察看道路上的危险,我将会四面观望。停下来休息时,我会回头看看自己所行的道路。
To check if there is any danger on the path I should look again and again in the four directions. To rest, I should turn my head around and then look behind me.
(三十八)
前后视察已,续行或折返。
故于一切时,应视所需行。
因此,我会探索前面及已行过的道路,看看是否应继续前进或折回。因此,在任何情况下都应认清自己的需要,才作出相应的行动。
Having examined both ahead and behind I should proceed to either come or go. Being aware of the necessity for such mindful alertness I should behave like this in all situations.
(三十九)
欲身如是住,安妥威仪已,
时时应细察,此身云何住?
身体在将要住于某种状态之前,或者在安住某种威仪前,应该(以正知正念)反复细意地观察:身体这种姿态是否如法?
Once having prepared for an action with the thought, “My body will remain in such a way,” then periodically I should look to see how the body is being maintained.
(四十)
尽力遍观察:此若狂象心,
紧系念法柱,已拴未失否?
在任何时间,任何地方,都应尽自己全力去观察:那颗如失控狂象的心,是否拴在忆念佛法的柱子上?有没有松掉溜走呢?
With the utmost effort I should check to see that the crazed elephant of my mind is not wandering off but is bound to the great pillar of thinking about Dharma.
(四十一)
精进习定者,剎那勿弛散;
念念恒伺察,吾意何所之?
以各种方法精进修习定3,一剎那也不应让心松散于外境,应当念念相续,恒常审察自心:我的心意正在缘念着什么?
Those who strive by all means for concentration should not wander off even for a moment; by thinking, “How is my mind behaving?” – they should closely analyze their mind.
(四十二)
危难喜庆时,心散亦应安;
经说行施时,可舍微细戒。
遇到生命危难或节日喜庆时,在这些特殊情况下,如果于诸细微行仪不能专注,可以开许听便4。
But if I am unable to do this when afraid or involved in celebrations, then I should relax. Likewise it has been taught that at times of giving, one may be indifferent to certain aspects of moral discipline.
(四十三)
思已欲为时,莫更思他事;
心志应专一,且先成办彼。
当我们进行某些计划时,不可再想其他事情。注意力必须放在指定目标上,首先圆满成办这件事。
I should undertake whatever deed I have intended to do and think of doing nothing other than it. With my mind applied to that task, I should set about for the time being to accomplish it.
(四十四)
如是事皆成,否则俱不成。
随眠不正知,由是不增盛。
只要这样做,一切工作都能顺利完成;要不是这样做的话,便会一事无成。如果真的能做到这一点,不正知这种随眠烦恼5就不会增强起来。
By acting in this way all will be done well. But by acting otherwise neither action will be done. Likewise there will be increase in the proximate disturbing conceptions that come from non-alertness.
(四十五)
无义众闲谈,诸多稀奇剧,
临彼众境时,当断彼贪着。
假如遇到无意义的闲谈,或种种精彩动人的感性情景的戏剧时,如万不得已遇到这些场合的话,自心应断除贪着而谨守正念。
If I happen to be present while a senseless conversation is taking place or if I happen to see some kind of spectacular show, I should abandon attachment towards it.
(四十六)
无义掘、挖、割,于地绘图时,
当忆如来教,惧罪舍彼行。
当自己发觉在毫无意义地挖掘土地、除草伐木,或是在地面上绘图等动作,这时应该回忆如来的教诲,以畏罪的心情舍弃无聊的行为。
If for no reason I start digging the earth, picking at the grass or drawing patterns on the ground, then by recalling the advice of the Buddhas, I should immediately stop out of fear.
(四十七)
若身欲移动,或口欲出言,
应先观自心,安稳如理行。
当我们想要移动身体,或者想要说话时,首先要观察自心的动机是否清净,然后才稳重如法地去行持。
Whenever I have the desire to move my body or to say something, first of all I should examine my mind. And then, with steadiness, act in the proper way.
(四十八)
吾意正生贪,或欲瞋恨时,
言行应暂止,如树安稳住6。
当强烈的欲望在内心生起,不管是由贪心抑或是由瞋恨之想而导致,都不要付诸行为,保持缄默,不发一言!切勿有所行动,要如树一样安住不动。
Whenever there is attachment in my mind and whenever there is the desire to be angry, I should not do anything nor say anything, but remain like a piece of wood.
(四十九)
掉举与藐视,傲慢或骄矜,
或欲评论他;或思伪与诈;
当内心躁浮不静,藐视别人;或者恃己凌他,执己为胜时;或有批评别人的动机,待人虚伪,想以言行诳惑欺骗别人。
Whenever I have distracted thoughts, the wish to verbally belittle others, feelings of self-importance or self-satisfaction; when I have the intention to describe the faults of others, pretension and the thought to deceive others;
(五十)
或思勤自赞;或欲诋毁他;
粗言并离间,如树应安住。
或自己想赞扬自己;或者想要诋毁诽谤别人;或想恶口骂人,并挑拨离间;这时就应像大树一样,安住下来。
Whenever I am eager for praise or have the desire to blame others; whenever I have the wish to speak harshly and cause dispute; at all such times I should remain like a piece of wood.
(五十一)
或思名利敬;若欲差仆役;
若欲人侍奉,如树应安住。
或者想追求财富名誉,得到别人赞颂和认同;或者想差使役仆;当我心想他人侍奉,这时应该像树一般安住下来。
Whenever I desire material gain, honor, fame; whenever I seek attendants or a circle of friends, and when in my mind I wish to be served; at all these times I should remain like a piece of wood.
(五十二)
欲削弃他利,或欲图己利,
因是欲语时,如树应安住。
想剥削及损害别人的利益,或者想贪图自己个人的利益,如果因这种发心而要说话时,应该如大树一样安住不动。
Whenever I have the wish to decrease or to stop working for others and the desire to pursue my welfare alone; if motivated by such thoughts, a wish to say something occurs, at these times I should remain like a piece of wood.
(五十三)
不耐懒与惧,无耻言无义,
若生偏党心,如树应安住。
如果修法时不能忍耐,懒惰和(对甚深法义、菩萨大行和内外密障)畏惧退缩;不知羞耻,言不及义,生起分别心,那时候便应像树一般安住下来。
Whenever I have impatience, laziness, cowardice, shamelessness or the desire to talk nonsense; if thoughts of partiality arise, at these times too I should remain like a piece of wood.
(五十四)
应观此染污,好行无义心;
观已当对治,坚持守此意。
因此,你应多方面7审察自己,注意烦恼的念头,以及每一个无意义的欲求。这时(菩萨道的勇士),应当以对治的方法,来坚持守住这颗心。
Having in this way examined his mind for disturbing conceptions and for thoughts that strive for meaningless things, the courageous Bodhisattva should hold his mind steady through the application of remedial forces.
(五十五)
深信极肯定,坚稳恭有礼,
知惭畏因果,寂静勤予乐。
对三宝要有甚深的信心;而且要从内心生起稳固的定解;意志须坚韧稳定;态度要谦恭有礼;做坏事要感到羞耻(知惭);做错事要懂得害怕(识愧);畏惧罪恶的果报;保持身心寂静;精勤地使别人快乐。
Being very resolute and faithful, steady, respectful, polite, with a sense of shame, apprehensive and peaceful, I should strive to make others happy.
(五十六)
愚稚意不合,心且莫生厌,
彼乃惑所生,思已应怀慈。
愚稚的众生意乐千差万别,极难尽如其意(所以切勿因此争吵而受拖累)。但自己不该因此而对他们生厌,他们是因为烦恼才产生这种(矛盾)心态。想到这一点,就该对他们心怀慈爱。
I should not be disheartened by all the whims of the childish who are in discord with one another. I should know them to arise in their minds due to disturbing conceptions and therefore be kind towards them.
(五十七)
为自及有情,恒居无罪处8,
更以幻化观,恒常守此意。
为了自己和众生的利益,我常依于清净无染之处(远离犯戒),此外,为了避免因利益众生的心行而生起了傲慢,应该了知自己这种利行犹如幻化的东西,谨慎地守护自心。
In doing that which by nature is not unwholesome both for the sake of myself and other sentient beings I should always hold my mind fast, acting like an apparition, with no sense of self.
(五十八)
吾当再三思:历劫得暇满;
故应持此心,不动如须弥9。
我应该再三这样去思惟:经过这么长久的时间才获得这暇满人身;所以我应该珍惜并守住这个(菩提)心,使它像须弥山一样毫不动摇。
By thinking again and again that after a long time I have won the greatest leisure, likewise I should hold my mind as utterly unshakeable as the king of mountains, Sumeru.
第六讲完
注释
1此为如石法师依藏文本的译法。依梵文译本,宋天息灾翻译为:「我今护此心,恒常如是住;喻木之无根,不生恶枝叶。」按藏文与梵文在此句翻译的意念南辕北辙。依藏文译本的文意是当心生过失时,正知就出力去稳定它,让心像大树般安稳。依梵文译本文意是由始至终,内心以正知防护着自己的感官不生起触受,就好像树木被削成木头一般,没有根的吸纳,就没有枝叶的繁茂;木头没有六根,不会随着外境而起贪瞋,寂然不动。藏文本以攻克为守护,梵文本以不动静观为守护;学者于护正知时应先分别这两种方法。
2 一般的律仪是双眼微睁,保持三尺视线,向地面垂视。
3 智作慧(Prajñākaramati, 950-1030)在《入行细疏》中说:「这里的定(samādāna,等持)是指止(śamatha,奢摩他、摄寂静)。」
4 此句亦可译为:如无力管制自心,也可随意而行。例如《大集经》〈无尽意菩萨品〉云:「如是布施之时,持戒所摄法应当暂舍。」
5 随烦恼(secondary afflictions):梵文vimśati upakleśa的意译。唯识认为是心理作用的一种,指隐藏在阿赖耶识中深处的烦恼种子,随逐众生,使心惛迷,所以又译作随眠烦恼,于五蕴中属行蕴所摄。随烦恼有二十种,《成唯识论》说:「云何不正知?于所观境,谬解为性;能障正知,毁犯为业。谓不正知者,多所毁犯故。」不正知(non-alertness),梵文为asmprajanya,不正知与一切染污的心理作用相应,不单只是人,就算三界中上至天人,下至地狱,都会有这种染污心理。
6 如树一样安住不动。为保持行文流畅,及汉文倾向形象思惟的语法习惯,这里是依如石法师,故意译为「如树安稳住」。唯英译依梵文原典:「…remain still like a piece of wood」。与宋代天息灾所译:「如木不分别」,「住心恒似木」,「坚住恒如木」,「一心住如木」等等来比较,则古人较贴近梵文原典意思。参考第六讲注释1。
7 多方面指以上二十七种足可摧毁我们修行善根的烦恼,包括生贪、生瞋、掉举、藐视、傲慢、骄矜、评论他、伪、诈、自赞、诋毁、粗言、离间、思名、思利、思敬、差仆役、欲人侍奉、剥削他人利益、损耗他人利益、只顾自己利益、不耐、懒、惧、无耻、言无义、偏党结私。
8 如石法师将此句译为「利行不犯罪」;今依天息灾所译,略近梵本,故作改动。
9 须弥山(Sumeru):汉译为妙高山。根据佛教宇宙观,须弥山在世界的中心,是一座由四种宝石聚集而成,极其巨大的高山;日月星辰皆以妙高山为中心。这种说法与现代天文科学理论有点分别,如果具体地演绎的话,当中有大部份都会令人很费解。不过如以万法唯心变的道理来看,那么便会很快消除对这佛教宇宙观感到陌生的感觉。
应用讨论问题
一)寂天菩萨教我们在行动或说话之前,要先审察自己内心,当发觉自己的动机产生过错,便立刻稳住内心;使内心安稳如大树一般。试引原文并简释其意。
二)在佛子威仪之中,你觉得自己可以符合寂天菩萨提出时常把视线垂视三尺前的地面吗?
三)寂天菩萨在第五品第四十一颂提出:「精进习定者,剎那勿弛散;念念恒伺察;吾意何所之?」这里的「定」是指samādāna(等持),智作慧注释专指śamatha(止,摄寂静)。试引寂天论师修持这种止,摄寂静的方法的教示。
四)何谓随眠?唯识学派与有部对随眠不正知各有阐述。试以己见抉择《入菩萨行》中随眠不正知是依哪个学派的说法。
五)在第五品第四十七颂中,寂天菩萨提出「若身欲移动,或口欲出言,应先观自心,安稳如理行。」 何谓「安稳」?这与巴楚仁波切提出的「善行取决于动机」,有没有异同?
六)寂天菩萨在第五品的第四十八颂至第五十三颂,一口气提出当内心生起二十七种烦恼时,我们要立刻以正念正知对治,使内心如大树般安住。试阐述之。
七)试根据寂天菩萨第五品第五十五颂「深信极肯定,坚稳恭有礼,知惭畏因果,寂静勤予乐。」说明大乘修行人应有的九种德性。
八)甚么叫「幻化」?为何利益众生过程要以幻化观来统摄?