佛教思想与企业管理的融合与借鉴
内容摘要：佛教教义浩如烟海，其中包含很多鲜活的理念和实用性很强的思想。这些，对现代企业的管理有著很深的借鉴和指导意义。诸如佛教三法印当中的“诸行无常、诸法无我”都可以很好的应用到企业的管理理念当中，以及僧团的共住的核心思想“六和敬”都可以与企业的组织很好的融合。
关键词：企业文化 六和敬 诸行无常 诸法无我
若谈到佛教思想和企业管理的融合，就必须首先了解何谓企业文化。只有对企业文化做出准确把握，才能更好的从博大精深的佛教教义当中汲取清凉法乳。 对于企业文化，国内外学者从不同的视角给企业文化下了定义，那么，什么是企业文化呢？TerenceE。Deal(特伦斯)和AllanA。Kennedy(阿伦)在《企业文化》(Corporate Culture)一书中给企业文化的定义是，“用以规范企业人多数情况下行为的一个强有力的不成文规则体系。”
通过对企业文化的定义，可以看到佛教与企业文化的许多共通点。
首先，“诸行无常”所涵盖的道理——企业发展过程当中的最真实的写照
佛教教义当中的黄金准则之一，诸行无常，又作一切行无常印、一切有为法无常印，略称无常印。一切世间有为诸法概皆无常，众生不能了知，反于无常中执常想，故佛说无常以破众生之常执。“诸行无常［1］”说的是一切有为法，皆生灭变异，不可常住。意思是讲世界万物，每一刹那都处在生灭变异之中，没有什么东西是常存不变的。
世间唯一不变的就是变化。正如《杂阿含经》云：“当观知所有色，若过去、若未来、若现在，若内若外、若粗若细、若好若丑、若远若近，彼一切皆无常。……如是观受想行识，若过去、若未来、若现在，若内若外、若粗若细、若好若丑、若远若近，彼一切皆无常”。在佛教看来，不论物质现象还是精神现象、不论过去、现在、还是未来、不论内部还是外部、不论宏观还是微观、不论近处还是远处，一切都在变化之中，世界上没有常存不变之物，无物不变、无时不变、无处不变，变化普遍存在于一切时间和空间。
对于企业来讲，要将这种“诸行无常”的发展变化观运用到企业的经营管理当中。我们所处的市场环境在时刻变化著，市场需求在变化、竞争对手在变化、经济环境在变化、宏观政策在变化、世界格局在变化、小环境在变化、大环境也在变化。面对这纷繁复杂的变数，就要求我们的企业管理能够因时而变，因势而变，以变应变，以变制变，不能有一丝一毫的懈怠和放松，正如海尔总裁张瑞敏所说“每天我都如临深渊，如履薄冰”。唯有战战兢兢地为生存和发展努力，不断努力适应外界和内部的变化，才能塑造出百年的企业和世界级的企业。
其次，“诸法无我”彰显了佛教的的无边智慧和至高境界——对企业管理具有导航作用
佛教讲“诸法无我［2］”，谓一切有为、无为法中，并无‘我’之实体，“无我”即是无自性，就是性空。即一切法皆依因缘而生，相互依存，无实体性。这一点，深刻体现了佛教“空”的思想。它告诉人们，只有不执著于“我”，才能与宇宙万象的一切东西，共荣共生。由此可知，佛教强调要达到“合于诸法”，就必须首先进入“无我”，因为“无我”而“法现”，因为“有我”则“蔽法”。古人云“由无我，方能经世；由利生，方见无我”。也就是说，心中破了“我相”，方能治理国事、世事，要知道自己是否达到“无我”的境地，就要看自己的所作所为是否符合众生的切实利益。
“无我”是人生的一种大境界和大智慧，企业管理也应该充分运用这种“无我”的大智慧、大境界。一方面从企业的行销管理看，现实的市场是客观存在的，并不以我们的意志为转移，所以我们应探究市场的发展规律和需求，从而设定我们的战略方法和战术手段，而不能主观地臆断和盲目决策。比如一个产品能否在市场上打开销路，关键在于这一产品能否满足消费者的真实需要，适应他人的消费心理，应以“顾客为中心”，而不是简单地“以产品为中心”。只关注企业本身能够生产什么，而不关心消费者需要什么，“闭门造车”的产品是不可能被市场所接纳的。
另一方面，无论是企业外与客户和消费者的沟通，还是企业内上级和下级、平级间的沟通，同样应以对方为中心。放下“自我”，去掉“我执”，在沟通中体现众生平等，要以感恩的平等的心对待每一个消费者、每一个同事，去掉“我”，体现“无我”的境界。根据市场调查的不完全统计，企业管理者当中2／3的人群。在处理和判断问题时都是以自我为中心。所以我们只有心存“无我”的心态，才有“利他”的结果，才能使客户在接受我们产品的同时，接受我们和我们的公司，才能在企业内部，形成积极进取、团结敬业、精诚合作的氛围。
再次，佛教对僧团的管理理念“六和敬精神”——可以提高企业发展的向心力，佛教从产生到现在已经两千多年了，僧团队伍作为承载佛教的载体组织，能够历经千年而不衰，经数代而不竭，并且佛教能够不断发扬光大。我想，这与佛教圆满和谐的“六和敬”精神密切相关。作为一个团体组织，它向它的成员传达了人人成佛的理想目标，指出必须按照“众恶莫做，众善奉行”的思想行事，并在日常的行为规范上做出了明确的规定，这样才能达到修行的最终目的。
这些，对于企业团队建设亦颇有启示，将六和敬精神引入团队建设中来，对建设一支和谐的团队是有重大帮助的。什么是六和敬［3］？即身和同住，口和无诤，意和同悦，戒和同修，见和同解，利和同均。这里面牵涉六个对象，即身，口，意，戒，见，利。身即员工的行为仪表，口即员工的语言表达，意即员工的情感态度，戒即公司的规章制度，见即员工的见解判断，利即员工的自身利益。这六点都是建设一支和谐团队所不可缺少的。身和同住讲究的是礼仪，优秀的企业必然有优秀的礼仪，礼仪的作用就是用来规范员工的行为，让他们以一种良好的仪表展现在客户面前，使企业获得良好的公众形象。同住是员工之间的和平共处，闹内讧的企业肯定不能长久，内部的团结是企业发展的前提，怎么做到这些呢？首先就得靠礼仪，礼仪是外部的规约，无规矩不成方圆，方圆就是内在的精神气质，需要靠规矩才能形成，没有礼仪的团队就会松散就没有战斗力，所以身和同住是第一步。
口和无诤不是说员工之间不能有不同的看法，而是要求员工不能因为私利而去诤。口和无诤需要企业有共同语言，有了共同语言，员工之间，员工与企业管理者之间就容易沟通了，不会因为语言不通而产生误会乃至矛盾。企业管理者可以批评员工，但绝不能骂员工，和气生财，有了和气就会有财运，天理如此。意和同悦是要培养员工的共同心理。企业管理者要关心每一位员工，员工也是人，员工也有感情，你关心他，帮助他解决生活工作上的困难，让他感受到企业大家庭的温暖，他就愿意为企业付出汗水。戒和同修是说企业的规章制度一定要制定得合理，得人心，要让大家都愿意接受，而且在执行过程中要公正平等，绝不徇私舞弊。只有这样，员工才愿意共同遵守规章制度。当然，在规章制度实施过程中要避免死板僵化，不合理制度的要及时修改。当然不能以企业管理者个人意志为尊，而要征求员工的意见，进行修正。只有最合理的规章制度，才能最充分最大程度上提高员工的工作效率。
见和同解是企业要有近期和远期的发展目标，要让员工朝著共同目标努力，而不是各持己见，各自为政。思想决定行动，在原则问题上统一思想还是很有必要的，见解相同合作才能顺利进行。企业管理者要经常利用员工大会等形式给员工做思想工作，贯彻企业既定方针，防止员工思想上的紊乱，治企的根本在治心，员工心齐了，没有办不好的企业。利和同均在企业中并非平均主义。而是利益的分配必须按照统一的原则，依照员工贡献的大小进行分配，不偏不倚，均是如此，没有特殊对待。这样员工才会满意，才会有积极性为争取更多的报酬而努力工作。
六和敬是同时进行的，缺一则其余也必不久立。有了六和敬精神，企业团队的和谐就能够实现，但此时的和谐还并非最高层次的和谐。在团队建设中，企业管理者如果志向高远，才华卓绝的话，那么他就可以将六合敬发挥到最高境界，使团队成员达到高度的融和。多化为一，团队成了超人，拥有比众多员工组织而成的普通团队，人心所向，将产生出数倍于前的能量，这样的团队将无往而不胜。正如观音菩萨，虽有千手千眼，本体却一如。虽然，千变万化、千百亿化身，却各个都禀赋著团队的核心精神。这样，实在是不可思议的境界！
结语
综上所说，佛教当中的“诸行无常”、“诸法无我”以及僧团共住的核心思想“六和敬”，对企业来说犹如一鼎之三足。“诸行无常”可以很好的帮助企业在社会大环境当中审时度势；“诸法无我”可以很好的帮助企业在纷繁复杂的商业环境当中的自我调整；“六和敬”作为调动团队的协作的指挥棒。这样，相信佛教在充分发挥对和谐社会的积极作用的同时，对企业发展也是一种指导和借鉴。
Combination and Function of Buddhist Thought in Modern Enterprise Management
Yan Kuo
Abstract： Buddhist doctrines， which include a lot of fresh thinking and feasible philosophy， have great referential significance to modern business management， such as The Three Universal Truths are： All phenomena are impermanent； All dharma are non-self； The eternity is Nivana and stillness， etc。 So the thought of Buddhism can be applied to the management in the modern enterprise。 Besides， other theory， such as the core philosophy of“ Six harmonies ”， also would be a very good inspiration to the modern enterprise。
Key words： Corporate Culture All phenomena are impermanent All dharma are non-self
If talking about the integration of Buddhist thought and enterprise management， firstly we must understand what corporate culture is。 Only when grasping the accurate definition of corporate culture can we better know how to learn from the profound Buddhist， and then benefit the modern enterprise。 For enterprise culture， the experts either from domestic or from foreign countries give a variety of perspectives to corporate culture。 However， what is corporate culture？ In the “corporate culture” (Corporate Culture) written by Terence E。Deal (Terence) and AllanA。Kennedy (Allen)， the corporate culture is defined as a way “to standardize the business person acts in most cases with a strong system。” According to the definition of corporate culture， we can see that Buddhism and the corporate culture have much in common。
First of all， that what the sentence -- all phenomena are impermanent--says reflects the true picture of modern enterprise in the development。
One of the classic theories in Buddhist doctrines is impermanence。 In other words， all phenomena in the world due to causes and conditions is changing constantly； however， all sentient beings can be unknowledgeable of what it means， rather than they attach eternality that everything is permanent。 That is why by the impermanence eliminating the attachment of sentient beings is placed emphasis on by Buddha。 And what “all phenomena are impermanent” means is that everything in the world caused by causes and conditions is changing constantly from moment to the next， with nothing attached。
The world is always in constant changing。 As “Samyuktagama”《杂阿含经》 goes： “It is a way to eliminate this attachment that observing all the forms in the world are impermanent whether it is past， future or present， internality or externality， beauty or ugliness， thickness or thinness， and farness or nearness。 The same goes to observing the sensation， perception， volition and consciousness that all are also impermanent whether it is past or future or present， internality or externality， beauty or ugliness， thickness or thinness， and farness or nearness。” According to the view of Buddhist， it is the changing condition that all the things can not escape in any time and any space， regardless of material or spirit， past or present or future， internality or externality， macro aspect or micro one。 Everything is changing， and the world will not keep the same。 Therefore， constant change is the truth of things in the world。 And it exits in any time and space。
For enterprises， if they can learn the essence of the above theory， it would improve their operation and management。 Market environment that we live in is changing all the time， such as the relation between offer and demand， competitor， the macro-policy， etc。 The fact requires all the enterprises to change regularly and timely in order to cater to the new demands of the market or environment。 Just as the president of Haier Zhang said， to run a company is like to walk near the deep cliff and walk on the thin ice everyday。 Only concerning about the survival and development cautiously can we make continuous efforts to adapt to external and internal changes in order to shape a hundred years of business and world-class enterprises。
Secondly， “all dharma are non-self” shows great wisdom and high state of Buddhism thought。
According to the Buddha’s teaching， what “All dharma are non-self” emphasized on is that everything has No Self。 No Self means No Nature， namely emptiness。 That is to say， all phenomena arise caused by causes and conditions， dependent with each other but with empty form， which is the deep expression of the “emptiness” thought in Buddhism。 Simultaneously， it tells us that those with no self attached are to be unity with everything in the universe。 There is without going to say that what Buddhism stressed on is we are told if we want to be unity with all things， the primary goal is to achieve the state of no self。 It is because of no self that we can penetrate the original form of all phenomena clearly， while it is due to attaching self that we can not observe the essence of all phenomena clearly。 There is an old saying： “we are to experience in society owing to no self； we are to attain the state of no self owing to benefiting others。” In other words， to break “self” in our mind will administer a national and human’s affairs。 It is knowledge about whether we ourselves can achieve the state of no self depends on ourselves whether our behavior brings the benefit to other beings。
“Non-self” is a great status of life and intelligence。 So enterprise management should also employ this great intelligence， great perspective。 On the one hand， from the outlook of enterprise marketing management， the reality of the market is an objective existence， not changing according to our will， so we should explore the development of the market rules and demand， thus setting our own strategic approach and tactical means， in stead of assuming subjectively and blind decision-making。 To take a product for example， the key is that whether it can meet the needs of consumers psychologically。 Our products should be based on “customer-orientation”， rather than simply on the “products”。 Only concerning about the quality of this product is not enough， which is like working behind closed doors。 The products made may not be what the markets want。
On the other hand， it must be more objective and considerate when undertaking communications between the inside and outside of business， the superior and inferior as well as among colleagues。 The mind of equality as well as no self should manifest themselves when interacting with other people， communicating with consumers with gratitude， and the mind of equality is especially important when treating different levels of colleagues。 According to a survey， two thirds of people are self-centered when judging and dealing with problems。 so if only we had attained the status of no-self could we benefit others， thus making both of our products and us being accepted； creating an active， solid， and cooperative atmosphere among us。
Again， Buddhism thought to manage the order is the key to enterprise management and “Six Harmonies” spirit is the guidance for enterprise culture
Buddhism being spread over two thousand years， Sangha， to be an organization， has experienced the millennium from the generation to generation， which is closely related to complete and perfect “Six Harmonies” thought。 To be incorporation， it was to convey its members to achieve the goal of being Buddha hood。 What’s more， it’s illustrated that we do everything as what the Buddhist thought says “not to do evil， but to cultivate good”， which help us to attain the ultimate goal of self-cultivation。
As what’s pointed out will enlighten the team-building business。 Introduced into the construction of the team， the spirit of “Six Harmonies” will give great help for a harmonious corporation。 And what is the “Six Harmonies” by mean？ It means harmonious beings， harmonious speech， harmonious faith， harmonious precept， harmonious view， and harmonious benefit。
Harmonious beings---bodily unity in from of worship， it refers to regulate the workers behavior manner。 Harmonious speech—oral unity in chanting， it is defined as the expression of the worker speech。 Harmonious view---mental unity in faith， it means the sensation of workers。 Harmonious precept---moral unity in observing the precepts， it is the rule of the company。 Harmonious view---doctrinal unity in view， it means the view or idea of the employees。 Harmonious benefit---economic unity in community of goods， deeds， studies or charity， it refers the self benefit of the staff。 However， these thought of “Six Harmonious” is indispensible in establishing a harmonious organization。
What Harmonious Being stresses on is comity。 A good enterprise will have a perfect comity， the role of which is to regulate the behavior of staff that showing their good manner in front of the clients makes the enterprise attain a good public image。
Harmonious Being is to show peaceful state between the staff。 As we know， infighting enterprise is impossible to last long， development of the enterprise。 But what annoys us is how to do it well？ First is the comity that is an external ritual。 Without rule is difficult to be circumference。 And the circumference is an internal spirit， the form of which depends on the rule。 So， there is no manner in the corporation to result in loosing。 For this， harmonious being is laid on the first step。
Oral unity in chanting doesn’t mean that different point of view is not allowed among workers。 It actually means that one should not quarrel for private interests。 When it comes to oral unity in business management， it refers to the shared targets among workers and the management。 With the shared ground， any misunderstanding， or even conflicts can be avoided。 When directing the workers， the management should correct them instead of cursing them。 “The luck of fortune comes from a harmonious group。” People should observe the nature rule。
Mental unity in faith is to cultivate the common idea of the staff。 Enterprise managers should be concerned about each staff。 Obviously， the staff also has feelings or emotions when communication between operators and workers。 Therefore， if they are paid more attention and more cared about， or be given a hand to solve the difficulties of life with unknown things。 What’s more， they will feel the warmly of the big family business， so they are willing to devote themselves to enterprises。
“Harmonious precept” means as enterprises to develop rules and regulations must be reasonable and popular。 To do it like this， not only is all the staff willing to accept it， but also the regulated rules in the implementation process must be fair and equal， never playing favoritism and committing irregularities， so that the employees are willing to comply with rules and regulations。 In the course of implementing rules and regulations， it is illustrated to avoid the ossification， the out-dated and unreasonable rules， but to timely amend。 Of course， what’s noticed is not only to respect the enterprise managers will， but also to seek the views of staff members。 So the staff will be able to follow up the rules and regulations。 Basically， it is the most efficient method to exert the ability of the staff。
“Harmonious view”---for enterprises， is to have short-term and long-term development goals of business， let the staff make efforts towards the common goal， rather than stick to their own views。 Thought conducts the action， the meaning of which it is necessary to unite the thought on principles because of the same co-operation proceeding smoothly。 In addition， Enterprise managers ought to frequently take advantage of the form of meeting， just like General Assembly in brainstorm and implement the established policy of enterprise to prevent staff’s thought disorder。 In particular， the essence to run the enterprise is how to deal with the staff’s mind。 Obviously， the common idea of the staff is the key to operating the company。 Next is Harmonious Benefit。 Seen from the word， we are to define the meaning as egalitarianism。 But it is not actually。 Other than， benefit allocated need have the unity rules， which means that it comes to assign the work for them depending on the more or less dedication of the workers， not with someone special treated but with fairness and impartialness。 There is no doubt that it is to their satisfaction。 Even they are well prepared to fight for the more pay with enthusiasm。
“Six Harmonies”， each part of them is closely related with the whole。 If lack of per of six， the group isn’t stable。 With the “Six Harmonies” in managing business， the spirit of enterprise in harmony will be able to achieve very well， but the harmony at this time also is not the highest level of harmony。 What’s more important， in the process of organizing a team， if the top leader of the management is a person with a forward-looking and actually superb ability， he or she will bring into the Six Harmonies to the best play， so that make team members achieve a high degree of integration， and even it can be said to be melting into one， or to be a Superman， who will be more powerful than a normal team made up of a myriad of workers， or who will be outmatched too。 Just like Bodhisattva Guanyin， despite of his thousands of arms and eyes， there is only one body。 This is really incredible！
Conclusion
Based on what has been mentioned above， Buddhist doctrine ---“all phenomena are impermanent”， “All dharma are non-self” as well as “Six Harmonies” that is the core of the organizational structure of the Order。 To business， the three classic rules are just like the three foot tripod。 “All phenomena impermanence” is able to be very good for the enterprise environment in the social situation； “All dharma are non-self” is able to be good for self-adjusting commerce in the complex environment； “Six Harmonies“ is a baton to conduct team collaboration。 In this way， we are deeply convinced that Buddhism will contribute to harmonious society and play a positive role in it。 Meanwhile， it is also a guide and reference to enterprise development。
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［1］汉译《杂阿含经》有类似说法
［2］ 电子版佛光大辞典摘录
［3］ 电子版陈义孝佛学常见辞汇摘录
延阔
中国佛学院2005级本科生
