Chapter 5 Basic Doctrines Tri-Pitaka (or Tipitaka)

第五章 佛学基础

The Tripitaka

三藏经典

Tripitaka is the collection of the teachings of the Buddha over 45 years in the Pali language, and it consists of Sutta---conventionalteaching, Vinaya ---disciplinary code, and Abhidhamma---moral psychology.

The Tripitaka was compiled and arranged in its present form by those Arahants who had immediate contact with the Master Himself.

三藏经典是结集了佛陀弘法四十五年的教义，以巴利文记录的佛教经典。

其中包括：律藏、经藏和论藏。佛教的三藏经典是由亲耳听闻佛陀言说的阿拉汉们所结集的。

The Buddha has passed away, but the sublime Dhamma which He unreservedly bequeathed to humanity still exists in its pristine purity.

佛陀虽然已经入灭，但是他生前的教诲，毫无保留的流传下来，一直到今天。

Although the Master has left no written records of His Teachings, His distinguished disciples preserved them by committing to memory and transmitting them orally from generation to generation.

佛陀虽然没有著书立论，可是他的教义，却由他的弟子们以超凡的记忆，一代一代的以口头方式流传下来。

Immediately after the final passing away of the Buddha, 500 distinguished Arahants held a convention known as the First Buddhist Council to rehearse the Doctrine taught by the Buddha. Venerable Ananda, the faithful attendant of the Buddha who had the special privilege of hearing all the discourses the Buddha ever uttered, recited the Dhamma, whilst the Venerable Upali recited the Vinaya, the rules of conduct for the Sangha.
One hundred years after the First Buddhist Council, during King Kalasoka, some disciples saw the need to change certain minor rules. The orthodox monk said that nothing should be changed while the others insisted on modifying some disciplinary rules(Vinaya). Finally, the formation of different schools of Buddhism germinated after this council. And in the Second Council, only matters pertaining to the Vinaya were discussed and no controversy about the Dhamma was reported.

In the 3rd Century B. C. during the time of Emperor Asoka, the Third Council was held to discuss the differences of opinion held by the Sangha community. At this Council the differences were not confined to the Vinaya but were also connected with the Dhamma. At the end of this Council, the President of the Council, Ven. Moggaliputta Tissa, compiled a book called Kathavatthu refuting the heretical, false views and theories held by some disciples. The teaching approved and accepted by this Council was known as Theravada. The Abhidhamma Pitaka was held in Sri Lanka in 80 B. C. is known as the 4th Council under the patronage of the pious King Vattagamini Abbaya. It was at this time in Sri Lanka that the Tripitaka was first committed to writing.

The Tripitaka consists of three sections of the Buddha's Teachings. They are the Discipline(Vinaya Pitaka), the Discourse(Sutta Pitaka), and Ultimate Doctrine (Abhidhamma Pitaka).

佛陀入灭后，五百名上座阿拉汉弟子即刻召集了结集大会，重覆地审核了佛陀的教义，当时，由阿难达尊者诵出经藏，伍巴离尊者诵出律藏。在第一次结集一百年后，当卡拉索喀(alasoa)王朝时，举行了第二次结集。这是因为有部分信徒提出要求修改十项戒律(十事非法)，但是，遭到上座弟子们反对，他们认为佛陀所订立的戒律是完整的，不需要做任何的更动，要求修改戒律的信众决定举行另外的结集，这称为大众部结集，这导致僧团的分裂。

到了公元前三世纪，阿首咖 (Asoka) 时代，举行了第三次结集。在这次结集中，僧众们对经藏和律藏都发表了意见，也一致的对经藏和律藏做了再次结集。在这次结集后，主持莫噶里普塔 .提萨(Moggalputta Tssa，古译：目犍连子帝须)尊者，从经藏中整理出第一部「论」《辨宗义论 》(Atthaatthu)，让信徒们更容易的理解佛陀的教义。上座部通过和接受了论藏(阿毗达摩，Abhidhamma)为佛教经典的一部分，到这时候，三藏经典才完全的定了型。

公元 80 年，第四次结集在斯里兰卡举行，由国王瓦塔噶米尼 .阿巴鸦 (Vattagamn Abbaya) 主持。这是在佛教史上，第一次将三藏经典以文字记载下来。

三藏宝典分为三个部分：律藏、经藏和论藏。

Vinaya Pitaka

律藏：

The Vinaya Pitaka mainly deals with the rules and regulations of the Order of monks (Bhikkhus) and nuns (Bhikkhunis). It describes in detail the gradual development of the Sasana(Dispensation). It also gives an account of the life and ministry of the Buddha. Indirectly it reveals some useful information about ancient history, Indian customs, arts, sciences, etc.

For nearly twenty years since His Enlightenment, the Buddha did not lay down rules for the control of the Sangha. Later, as the occasion arose, the Buddha promulgated rules for the future discipline of the Sangha.

This Pitaka consists of the five following books:---

Parajika Pali (Major Offences) Pacittiya Pali (Minor Offences) Mahavagga Pali (Greater Section) Cullavagga Pali (Smaller Section) Parivara Pali (Epitome of the Vinaya) 

律藏记录了比库和比库尼生活的戒律。它详细的记载了佛陀所教化的戒律和道德生活的渐次进展。它也记载了佛陀弘法的生涯，也间接的记载了当时印度的历史、风俗、习惯、艺术和科学等有价值的史料。

佛陀证悟后的二十年内，并没有订立任何戒律。后来僧团逐渐庞大，所带来的问题也多了，因此，佛陀开始为僧团制定戒律。

在律藏中保留至今的五种：

一、巴拉基嘎 (Pàràjika，古译：波罗夷)。

二、巴吉帝亚 (Pàcittiya，古译：波逸提)。

三、大品律 (Mahā-vagga)。

四、小品律 (Cullaagga)。

五、附随 (Parivāra)。

Sutta Pitaka

The Sutta Pitaka consists chiefly of discourses delivered by the Buddha Himself on various occasions. There are also a few discourses delivered by some of His distinguished disciples, such as the Venerable Sariputta, Ananda, Moggallana, etc., included in it. It is like a book of prescriptions, as the sermons embodied therein were expounded to suit the different occasions and the temperaments of various persons. There may be seemingly contradictory statements, but they should not be misconstrued as they were opportunely uttered by the Buddha to suit a particular purpose.

This Pitaka is divided into five Nikayas or collections, viz:--

Digha Nikaya (Collection of Long Discourses) Majjhima Nikaya (Collection of Middle-length Discourses) Samyutta Nikaya (Collection of Kindred Sayings) Anguttara Nikaya (Collection of Discourses arranged in accordance with number) Khuddaka Nikaya(Smaller Collection) The fifth is subdivided into fifteen books:--- Khuddaka Patha (Shorter Texts) Dhammapada (The Way of Truth) Udana (Heartfelt sayings or Paeons of Joy) Iti Vuttaka ('Thus said" Discourses) Sutta Nipata (Collected Discourses) Vimana Vatthu (Stories of Celestial Mansions) Peta Vatthu (Stories of Petas) Theragatha (Psalms of the Brethren) Therigatha (Psalms of the Sisters) Jataka (Birth Stories) Niddesa (Expositions) Patisambhida (Analytical Knowledge) Apadana (Lives of Saints) Buddhavamsa (The History of Buddha) Cariya Pitaka (Modes of Conduct)

经藏：

经藏主要收录了佛陀在各种场合所讲述的教义。其中也包括了佛陀的弟子如：沙利子 (Sàriputta)、阿难达 (ânanda) 和马哈摩嘎喇那 (Mahàmoggallàna) 等的弘法记录。经藏是一套非常究竟的经典，佛陀为了弘扬佛法，将这些教义善巧的加以解说，以适应各种不同的环境和不同性格或理解力的人。

经藏分为五大部：

一、长部 (Dãghanikàya)

二、中部 (Majjhimanikàya)

三、相应部 (Saüyuttanikàya)

四、增支部 (Aïguttaranikàya)

五、小部 (Khuddakanikàya)

小部经藏共收录了十五部经：

1、小诵(Khuddaka patha)

2、法句(Dhammapada)

3、自说(Udana)

4、如是语(Itivuttaka)

5、经集(Suttanipata)

6、天宫事(Vimanavatthu)

7、饿鬼事(Petavatthu)

8、长老偈(Theragatha)

9、长老尼偈(Therigatha)

10、本生(Jataka)

11、义释(Nidesa)

12、无碍解道(Patisambhidamagga)

13、譬喻(Apadana)

14、佛种姓(Buddhavamsa)

15、所行藏(Caciyapitaka)

Abhidhamma Pitaka

论藏(阿毗达摩)：

The Abhidhamma is, to a deep thinker, the most important and interesting, as it contains the profound philosophy of the Buddha's teaching in contrast to the illuminating but simpler discourses in the Sutta Pitaka.

In the Sutta Pitaka one often finds references to individual, being, etc., but in the Abhidhamma, instead of such conventional terms, we meet with ultimate terms, such as aggregates, mind, matter, etc.

In the Sutta is found the Vohara Desana (Conventional Teaching), whilst in the Abhidhamma is found the Paramattha Desana (Ultimate Doctrine).

In the Abhidhamma everything is analysed and explained in detail, and as such it is called analytical doctrine (Vibhajja Vada).

Four ultimate things (Paramattha) are enumerated in the Abhidhamma. They are Citta, (Consciousness), Cetasika (Mental concomitants), Rupa (Matter) and Nibbana.

The so-called being is microscopically analysed and its component parts are minutely described. Finally the ultimate goal and the method to achieve it is explained with all necessary details.

The Abhidhamma Pitaka is composed of the following works:--

Dhamma-Sangani (Enumeration of Phenomena) Vibhanga (The Book of the Treatises) Katha Vatthu (Point of Controversy) Puggala Pannatti (Description of Individuals) Dhatu Katha (Discussion with reference to Elements) Yamaka (The Book of Pairs) Patthana (The Book of Relations) According to another classification, mentioned by the Buddha Himself, the whole Teachings is ninefold, namely ---1. Sutta, 2. Geyya, 3. Veyyakarama, 4. Gatha, 5. Udana, 6. Itivuttaka, 7. Jataka, 8. Abbhutadhamma, 9. Vedalla. Sutta? These are the short, medium, and long discourses expounded by the Buddha on various occasions, such as Mangala Sutta (Discourse on Blessings), Ratana Sutta (The Jewel Discourse), Metta Sutta(Discourse on Goodwill), etc. According to the Commentary the whole Vinaya Pitaka is also included in this division. Geyya _These are discourses mixed with Gathas or verses, such as the Sagathavagga of the Samyutta Nikaya. Veyyakarana --- Lit. exposition. The whole Abhidhamma Pitaka, discourses without verses, and everything that is not included in the remaining eight divisions belong to this class. Gatha --- These include verses found in the Dhammapada (Way of Truth), Theragatha (Psalms of the Brethren). Therigatha (Psalms of the Sisters), and those isolated verses which are not classed amongst the Sutta. Udana _These are the 'Paeons of Joy' found in the Udana, one of the divisions of the Khuddaka Nikaya. Itivuttaka _ These are the 112 discourses which commence with the phrases _ 'Thus the Blessed One has Said'. Itivuttaka is one of the fifteen books that comprise the Khuddaka Nikaya. Jataka _ These are the 547 birth-stories related by the Buddha in connection with His previous births. Abbhutadhamma _ These are the few discourses that deal with wonderful and marvelous things, as for example the Accariya-Abbhutadhamma Sutta of the Majjhima Nikaya (No. 123). Vedalla _ These are the pleasurable discourses, such as Chulla Vedalla, Maha Vedalla (M. N. Nos 43,44), Samma Ditthi Sutta (M. N. No. 9), etc. In some of these discourses, the answers give to certain questions were put with a feeling of joy.

论藏，对一个肯思考的人来说，是重要和有意义的。它包含了佛教所有高深的哲理，与经藏深入浅出的说教方式，刚好成为一个强烈的对比。经藏中所提出的问题，是属于个人或众生。但是，在论藏中不同于这些传统的名目，我们面对的是一些探索生命本质的名词，如：假合、名、色等等。在经藏中所记载的是普通的教义(普法，ohara Desana)，在论藏中所记载的是究竟的教义(对法，Paramattha Desana)。

在论藏中，每一件事物都加以详细的分析和说明，因此称为分析的教义。

论藏中包含了四种有关于生命终极的究竟法 (Paramattha)， 它们是：心法(Citta)、心所法(Cetasa)、色法(Rūpa)和涅槃法(Nibbàna)。这四种究竟法，对众生进行了细微的分析和详细的解说，一切都是因缘条件和四大的假合。最后，它更将所有有关于达到终极目标的方法和细节都加以更详细的分析和解释。

论藏包括以下七部经典：

一、法集论(Dhammasaïgaõã)

二、分别论(Vibhaïga)

三、界 论(Dhàtukathà)

四、人施设论(Puggalapa¤¤atti)

五、论 事(Kathàvatthu)

六、双 论(Yamaka)

七、发趣论(Paññhàna)

另一种对三藏宝典的分类法是根据佛陀的论说，而分为九类(九分教)：

一、契经(Sutta)：散文体，是佛陀在各种场合宣说的各种长、中、短的经文、如：《祝福经》(Mangala Suttaü)、《宝经》(Ratana Suttaü)和《慈心经》(Metta Suttaü)等。律藏的全部经文都属于这个体裁。

二、重颂(Geyya)：以散文体的论说于前，偈颂结尾，有重新宣示之意。如：《相应部经》等等。

三、记说(Veyyàkaraõa)：即广分别说，整部论藏都属于这类，在三藏中除了其它八类外，都全部属于这类。

四、偈颂(Gàthà)：诗偈体，全部经文以诗偈诵出。如《法句经》、《长老偈经》、《长老尼偈经》等。

五、自说(Udàna)：是佛陀即兴发表的言说。这类经文一部分收录在《小部》 中。

六、本事(Itivuttaka)：共有一百一十二部经。每部经都以「如是我闻」作为开始。也是《小部》十五部中之一。

七、本生(Jàtaka)：收录了五百四十七个佛陀自说过去世因缘的故事。

八、稀有法(Abbhuta dhamma)：解说一切绝妙稀有的事，如：《稀有法经》(《中部》第 123 经)。

九、方广(Vedalla)：意义方广大的经文，如：《大毗陀罗经》(《中部》第 43 经)、《毗陀罗经》(《中部》第 44 经)、《正见经》(《中部》第 9 经)等。这些都是佛陀回答发问者而令他们充满法喜的经文。