佛陀有什么特别的教导？What did he teach in particular? - 一问一智慧 Buddha-Dhamma for Students

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(２)接下来，可能有人问我们：

“佛陀有什么特别的教导？”

2) Following on this we may be asked,

2) “What did he teach in particular?”

　　如果有人问起这问题，我们可以由许多不同角度来回答：
　　(一)首先我们可以说：佛陀教导我们践行不松不紧、不偏不倚的中道。一方面避免修禁欲的苦行，因为它只能带来无谓的困扰和麻烦；另一方面也避免纵容感官的满足，对于只爱享受感官乐趣的人，有一个相当贴切的反讽：“明天可能就要死了，好好地吃喝玩乐吧！”
　　相反地，中道则主张不自我折磨，同时强调不耽溺在感官的满足上。践行中道能使生活、学习、修行和灭苦各方面都恰到好处，它可广泛地应用在许多不同的情况，而且让你不会误入歧途。践行中道与“七知”——知因、知果、知己、知节、知时、知人、知众，是并行不悖的，“七知”让我们懂得践行中道。这是一种回答方式。

A) AS YOU CAN see, this is a big subject which can be answered from many different points of view. If asked this, we can say first of all that he taught us to tread the Middle Way, to be neither too strict nor too slack, to go to neither the one extreme nor the other. On the one hand, we are to avoid the very harsh self-mortification practised in certain yoga schools, which simply creates difficulties and trouble. On the other hand, we must keep away from that way of practice which allows us sensual pleasures, which amounts to saying, “Eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow we die!” This is an extremely cynical expression appropriate for people interested only in sensual pleasures.

By contrast, the Middle Way consists, on one hand, in not creat- ing hardships for yourself and, on the other hand, not indulging to your heart’s content in sensual pleasures. Walking the Middle Way brings about conditions which are in every way conducive to study and practice, and to success in putting an end to dukkha (suffering). The expression “Middle Way” can be applied generally in many varied situations. It can’t lead you astray. The Middle Way consists in striking the golden mean. Knowing causes, knowing effects, knowing oneself, knowing how much is enough, knowing the proper time, knowing individuals, knowing groups of people: these Seven Noble Virtues constitute walking the Middle Way. This is one way of answering the question,

　　(二)我们也可采用另一种回答：佛陀教导“自助”(self-help)。“自助”的意思你们可能都懂，似乎不必再作解释。简单地说，就是我们别想依赖运气或命运，也不应该依赖天神和所谓的“上帝”，我们必须自己皈依自己，这在巴利文藏经中有记载。甚至有神论者也这么说：“上帝只帮助愿意帮助自己的人”。其他的宗教里或多或少存在着“自助”的教义，但在佛教中则要完全“自助”，例如当一个人在悲惨、迷惑的处境中，身心遭痛苦时，他必须“自助”。佛陀说：“诸佛只指出道路，用功则需要靠自己。”换句话说，佛陀教导“自助”。我们应谨记在心！

B) WE COULD ANSWER it equally well by saying that he taught self- help. You all understand what self-help is; you hardly will want it explained. To put it briefly, we are not to rely on fortune and fate. We are not to rely on celestial beings, nor even, finally, on what is called “God”. We must help ourselves. To quote the Buddha, “Self is the refuge of self.” Even in theistic religions it is said that God helps only those who help themselves. In other religions this matter of self-help may be stated more or less definitely, but in Buddhism it is all important. When one is miserable and, deluded, suffering pain and anguish, then one must turn to the way of self-help. The Buddha said, “Buddhas merely point out the way. Making the effort is something that each individual must do for himself.” In other words, Buddhism teaches self-help. Let us bear this in mind.

　　(三)另一种回答是：佛陀教导一切是缘起，随因缘而改变，有其自然的法则。这种叙述很像舍利弗出家前，由一位比丘那里所得到的答案：“佛陀教导一切事物由因生起，必须认识现象的因和现象因的息灭。”这个教义在本质上相当科学，可以说符合科学原则。佛教是主张“依法不依人”的理性宗教。

C) ANOTHER WAY OF answering is to say the Buddha taught that everything is caused and conditioned. Everything happens in consequence of causes and conditions, and in accordance with law. This statement is like the answer received by Sariputta when, prior to his entering the Order, he questioned a bhikkhu (monk) and was told, “The Buddha teaches thus: Each thing arises from a cause. We must know the cause of that thing and the ceasing of the cause of that thing.” This principle of Dhamma is scientific in nature, and we can say that the principles of Buddhism agree with the principles of science. The Buddha did not use individuals or subjective things as criteria; that is to say, Buddhism is a religion of reason.

　　(四)还有另一种可被用来实修的准则，佛陀如此教导：“诸恶莫作，众善奉行，自净其意”。这三个在一起被称为“别解脱教诫”，意指“教诫总纲”(summary of all exhortations)。“诸恶莫作、众善奉行”在此不需要诠释，但是“自净其意”的意义就不是那么一目了然了。人一旦执着任何事(甚至善事)，他的心就会混乱：害怕得不到善报或担忧善报会消失，并执取一切为“我所有”，而这一切都会招致痛苦。所以，即使已成功地避免作恶事，也作了许多善事，仍必须知道如何放下。别执着任何事为“我”或“我所有”，否则它会带来悲惨的结果，成为沉重的负担和痛苦，就像背负或执着某种东西，一定会感到沉重或受苦一样。换句话说，执着善或恶和背负珍宝或岩石是一样的，虽然珍宝很有价值，但背在肩上或放在头上，是同样沉重的。因此不要背着岩石，也不要背着钻石，别把岩石或钻石放在自己的头上(译者注：在此意指心中)！不论善或恶都不要执着，就是所谓的“自净其意”。所以，“诸恶莫作，众善奉行，自净其意”，即是佛陀的教导。

D) TO ANSWER YET another way, as a rule of practice, the Buddha taught, “Avoid evil, do good, purify the mind.” Those three together are called the “Ovāda pā.imokkha”, meaning the “summary of all exhortations”. Avoid evil, do good, purify the mind. Avoiding evil and doing good need no explaining, but making the mind pure isn’t as obvious. If one goes about grasping and clinging, even to goodness, the mind develops impurities: fear of not receiving good, fear of being deprived of existing good, anxiety, worry, and attaching to this and that as “mine”. All of these produce suffering. Even though we may have successfully avoided evil and done good, we still must know how to render the mind free. Do not grasp at or cling to anything as being a self or as belonging to a self. Otherwise it will be misery, it will be a heavy burden and it will be suffering (dukkha). In other words, grasping and clinging, like carrying something along with one all the time, is a heavy weight and a burden of suffering. Even a load of precious gems carried on the shoulders or head is just as heavy as a load of rocks. So don’t carry rocks or gems (dukkha). Put them aside. Don’t let there be any weight on your head (which here means the mind). This is what is meant by “purify the mind”. So then, to purify the mind is the third thing. The first thing is to avoid evil, the second is to do good, and the third is to make the mind pure. This is what he taught.

　　(五)另外，还有一种重要的教导提醒我们：一切因缘和合的事物都在不停地流转迁变，这就是“诸行无常”。各位同学虽然还年轻，但我希望你们能仔细聆听，佛陀的教诲适合各年龄层的人，甚至不分性别，这是各位必须要明白的。希望大家不要放逸，所谓“不放逸”就是不与因缘假合的事物游戏，而沉迷其中，不然它将会咬你、打你，把你绑得紧紧的，你会不由自主地痛苦一场，甚至可能自杀而白白送掉生命。

E) HERE IS ANOTHER important teaching, a worthwhile reminder. He taught, “All compounded things (all things and all beings in this world) are perpetually flowing, forever breaking up (they are impermanent). Let all be well-equipped with heedfulness!” Please listen very carefully to these words: everything in this world is perpetually flowing, forever breaking up, that is, all is impermanent. So we have to equip ourselves well with heedfulness. Don’t go playing with these things! They will bite you. They will slap your face. They will bind and hold you fast. You will be made to sit and weep, or perhaps even to commit suicide.

　　总结上面各种不同的回答方式，若有人问：“佛陀有那些特别的教导？”我们可以有下列的答案：

Now let us bring together these various ways of answering this one question. If asked just what the Buddha taught, answer with one of the following:

　　他教导践行中道；

He taught us to walk the Middle Way;

　　他教导自助；

He taught self-help;

　　他教导正确认识因果法——有因有缘世间集，有因有缘集世间。我们正确认识它的因，才能获取想得到的结果；

He taught us to be familiar with the law off causality and to adjust the causes appropirately for the desired results to follow;

　　他教导“诸恶莫作，众善奉行，自净其意”的实修原则；

He taught as the principle of practice “Avoid evil, do good, purify the mind”;

　　他提醒我们：一切事物都是无常的、变迁的，应自精勤，不可放逸！

And he reminded us that all compounded things are impermanent and perpetually flowing, and that we must be well-equipped with heedfulness.