1 The Stupid Man and The Salt
1愚人食盐喻
Once there was a stupid man who paid a visit to a friend. When the host gave him something to eat, he complained that the food was tasteless and so the host added a bit of salt. The stupid man tried the food again and found it much improved. He thought, “If a little salt improves it this much, more salt would make it even better.” Then he ate only salt and his mouth became raw and he became sick.
译文
从前的时候,有一个愚人,到别人家去作客。主人端出食物来,他嫌淡而无味。主人听罢,便另外为他添了点盐进去。愚人尝到了盐的美味,心内便想:味道所以这么美,是有盐的缘故。少少一撮,尚且如此,满满一把,岂不更妙?这愚人不懂其中的道理,便单单吃那盐。吃罢,口颤舌抖,反而得了苦楚。
这就譬如那些外道,听说节制饮食可以得道,即便断绝了饮食。或是断七日,或是断十五日,空佬佬地使自己遭一番困饿,却对修道毫无益处,活像那个愚人,因为盐可调出美味来,就单是吃它,致使口颤舌抖,外道的断食也是这样。
原典
昔有愚人,至于他家。主人与食,嫌淡无味。主人闻已,更为益①盐。既得盐美,便自念言:所以美者,缘有盐故。少有尚尔,况复多也。愚人无智,便空食盐。食已口爽②,反为其患。
譬彼外道,闻节饮食可以得道,即便断食③,或经七日,或十五日,徒自困饿,无益于道,如彼愚人,以盐美故,而空食之,致令口爽,此亦复尔。
注释
①益:添。
②爽:伤、败。
③断贪:即为祈愿或成就修行,而于特定期间内断绝饮食。本为瑜伽派或其他苦行外道行法之一。后为佛教采用。
源流
与此譬喻相类似的,有《大智度论》卷十八所载的田舍人食盐:「譬如田舍人初不识盐,见人以盐着种种肉菜中而食,问言:『何以故尔?』语言:『此盐能令诸物味美故。』此人便念:此盐能令诸物美,自味必多。便空抄盐满口食之,咸苦伤口,而问言:『汝何以言盐能作美?』人言:『痴人!此当筹量多少,和之令美,云何纯食盐?』」(《大正藏》第二十五册第一九四页)《大智度论》卷五十九:「譬如愚人不识饮食种具,闻酱是众味主,便纯饮酱,失味致患。」(同上第四八O页)《大智度论》卷六十四:「譬如食虽香美,过噉则病。」(同上第五O九页)
解说
此则譬喻可与本集<见他人涂舍喻>、<尝庵婆罗果喻>并读,都是喻示过犹不及、并且招致伤败的道理。