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试论绝对的真理 Discussions on the Absolute Truth
 
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试论绝对的真理

Discussions on the Absolute Truth

岳兴华 文

By Yue Xinhuai

对宇宙本原的形成

The Composition of the Basic Substance of the Universe

古希腊、罗马的「原子论」,其主要倡导者泰勒斯、留基伯、德谟克利特、 伊壁鸠鲁和卢克来修等自然哲学家,提出了「原子论」,试图阐明宇宙间形形色色的自然现象。内容是一种或多种微小的实体叫做「原子」(希腊文原义不可分 割),这些原子在空中运动着,并可按着不同的方式,各种互相结合或重新分配,而宇宙间的一切现象,就可以通过这些原子的性质和运动来加以说明。

The ancient Greek and Roman atomic theory was mainly advanced by natural philosophers such as Thales, Leucippus, Democritus, Epicurus, and Lucretius. Atomism was an attempt to explain various natural phenomena in the universe. This theory postulated that there are one or more kinds of minute solid particles called atoms (from “a-tomos,” which means indivisible or uncuttable in Greek). These atoms orbit in space, and different patterns of combination or arrangements of atoms are possible. All phenomena in the universe can be explained based on the nature and motion of atoms.

米利都学派创始人泰勒斯提出,水是万物的本源,到赫拉克利特的水、气、土、 火四大元素学说。

Thales, the funder of the Miletus school, proposed that water is the source of the myriad things, while Heraclitus maintained that fire was the origin of all phenomena. Empedocles propounded the theory of the four major elements or ‘roots’, the four being water, air, earth and fire.

中国战国时期驺衍的「五行学说」,都是早期关于构成物质的推测。

The theory of the five elements proposed by Zou Yan during the Warring States period (403-222 b.c.) in China was yet another early theory concerning the composition of matter.

德谟克利特或留基伯想象物质由不可能再分割的粒子组成(即早期的原子),并 认为不同物质的「原子」构成。

Democritus and Leucippus in ancient Greece jointly formulated the atomic theory that matter is formed from indivisible particles (i.e. atoms). Matter was thought to be comprised of atoms of different elements.

一六五八年,伽桑迪考察了「原子观点」的论断,进而假设物质的原子可以在空 间各方向不停的运动。据此他解释了一些物理现象,例如说明物质的液态、气态、固态三种状态的转变。

In the mid-seventeenth century Pierre Gassendi investigated this proposition from the point of view of atoms and further postulated that atoms of matter exhibit random motion in space. Based on this, certain physical phenomena such as the various states of matter—i.e. liquid, gaseous, and solid states—and the conversions occurring between them could now be explained.

十七世纪,法国哲学家笛卡儿「以太论」他说,看来物体之间所有用力,都必须 通过某种中间媒介物质传递,因此空间不可能是空无所有的,它被「以太」所充满,不能为人的感官所感觉,但确能传递力的作用,和月球对潮汐的作用力。真空 「并不是没有物质的空间」,量子场(即基态)就是真空,真空名词本义就是虚空。

Also in the seventeenth century, the French philosopher René Descartes (1596-1650) stated in his treatise A Theory of Ether that the mutually applying forces between objects need an intermediate medium of transmission. He claimed that space is not emptiness without any substance, but that it is filled up with ether. Ether serves as the medium for transmitting forces, even thought it cannot be perceived by human sense organs. Ether also transmits the moon’s effect on the earth’s tidal patterns. A vacuum is not an empty space without any substance. Vacuity refers to the quantum field (the ground state) and denotes empty space.

中国古代张载、王夫之的「元气」学说,相反地认为世界万物皆由「元气」形 成,而阴阳二气充满太虚。

The theory of primal energy (in Chinese, yuan qi) as proposed by ancient Chinese philosophers Zhang Zai and Wang Fuzhi, suggested that the myriad things in the world come from primal energy, and that empty space is filled up with both the yin and yang energies.

英国物理学家牛顿,依据真空观察系(绝对空间)制订「万有引力」,爱因斯坦 在用场的观点上研究引力之后,便意识到「真空即空」的空间,这一观念有问题,《狭义相对论》指出,光和电磁场本身就是一种物质可在空间传播,又否定了「以 太」存在。万有引力的失实、相对论的成功,说明没有绝对真空。

Based on his observation of vacuums (absolute empty space) the English physicist Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) formulated tha theory of gravity. Albert Einstein carried out research on quantum fields, and challenged the validity of the concept of empty space; he recognized that vacuity does not mean mere emptiness. In his treatise on the special relativity theory, Einstein showed that light and electromagnetic fields are matter, and can be transmitted through empty space. He negated the existence of ether. He also proved that there are areas where Newtonian physics cannot be successfully applied. The validity of the theory of relativity suggests that absolute vacuum does not exist.

中国春秋战国以前(公元前七七六以前),在西周时就以壶漏测时,以圭表测 影,以定方向、定节气,人们对宇宙万物本源,作了最初的探索。提出了「五行」说,认为宇宙万物是由「金、木、水、火、土」五种基本元素构成的;

Prior to the Warring States era and the Spring and Autumn period in China, during the Western Zhou dynasty before 776 b.c., time was measured using a leaking vessel. In order to determine the wind’s direction and the twenty-four periods of the lunar year the Chinese used a sundial, measuring the shadow cast by a jade tablet with a square base and a pointed top. These instruments are examples of some of the early methods of investigation people used in order to penetrate the origin and source of the myriad things in the universe. Also in China, the theory of the five elements was proposed, suggesting that the myriad things in the universe were formed from the five basic elements of metal, wood, water, fire and earth.

提出了「阴 阳」说,以阴与阳的矛盾运动解释种种自然现象;还有八卦说,以线段「-」和「-」来表示阴阳,每三个一组,组成基本符号,各代表一定属性的事物(如「¡ 」代表水),即八卦,又以它们的排列组合形成64卦,384爻,以此解释自然现象的千变万化。

The theory of yin and yang was also formulated in China. This theory used the contradicting and opposing motion of yin and yang to explain all kinds of phenomena and events in nature. A theory concerning the hexagrams of the Yi Jing (Book of Changes) was also formulated. The broken and unbroken lines in these symbols denote yin and yang. In groups of three, the lines form trigrams, basic symbols that represent the occurrence of specific events. For example (     ) represents water. The combinations and permutations together give a total of sixty-four gua (hexagrams) and three hundred and eighty-four yao (the individual lines in the hexagrams) which are used to explain the ever-changing phenomena in nature.

管子在《管子水地篇》中说,水是万物统一的本源。公元前四世纪的宋钘和尹文 提出宇宙万物-于「气」的学说。在中国以后的历史时期,「元气」说有了发展。

In the Water and Earth Chapter of Guan Zhi’s treatise it is said that water unites the source of myriad things. (Guan Zhi was also known as Guan Zhong, (d. 644 b.c.), the prime minister of the state of Qi during the Spring and Autumn period.) In the fourth century b.c., Song Yan and Yin Wen proposed the theory of energy (in Chinese, qi), which stated that energy unites the myriad things in the universe. This theory had its impact on the development of the theory of primal energy that was developed later in China.

墨翟所著《墨经》,记载了时空观念和机械运动《经上》分别用「弥异时」、 「弥异所」来定义时间和空间,即综合具体的「时」与「所」,形成「时间」(久)与「空间」(宇)的观念,墨子认为「运动」,就是物体位置迁移;「静止」 (止)就是物体在某处停留有一定的时间。由于有了类似于「瞬时」(无久)的观念,因此对运动的分析比较深刻,他阐明了物体运动,时间有密切联系。《墨经》 中还有原始的元素论与物质不灭的朴素思想。

In the book Mo Jing by Mo Zi, the concepts of time and space as well as a dynamic of mechanics were recorded, in which time and space were defined as ‘mi dao time’ and ‘mi dao place.’ Thus a definite time and place were synthesized, and the concepts of time (jiu) and space (zhou) were formulated. Mo Zi was of the opinion that motion refers to a change in the positions of objects, while stillness (zhi) refers to objects remaining stationary at a certain position for a certain period of time. Mo Zi carried his in-depth analysis on motion further in discussing the concept of ‘an instant’ (wu jiu) He explained that there is an intimate relationship between the motion and time of objects. In Mo Jing, Mo Zi also suggests that matter cannot be destroyed. An early version of the theory of elements was also proposed here.


亚里士多德,古希腊哲学家「形式逻辑」的创始人(公元前三八四至前三二二 年),他主张物质空间与时间的联续性,反对存在「真空」的观点;他认为感性知觉通过理性活动,可以一下子到达普通抽象的顶点。他列举出物质的运动变化有 「四因」:形式因、目的因、原料因和动力因。一切物体都具有某种天赋的目的或「自然的本性」,天体永围地球这一宇宙中心作匀速圆周运动,组成地上物体四种 基本元素(水、火、气、土),「趋向于自己特有的空间」,具有寻找自己「天然处所」并停留在那里的本性,从而形成重者向下,轻者向上的「天然运动」(因本 性运动)。

The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 b.c.), the founder of formalistic logic, suggested the continuity of space and time for matter. He disagreed with the concept of vacuum and postulated that through intellectual reasoning and activity sense perception can reach the peak of ordinary abstract ideas. Four factors that influence changes in the motion of physical bodies are: the apparent cause, the teleological cause, material, and momentum. All matter is endowed with a certain aim or ‘natural substance’ Heavenly bodies constantly orbit around the earth at constant velocities (earth being the center of the Aristotelian universe) and form the four basic elements of water, fire, air, and earth, which contitute all matter on earth. Inclining towards or converging at a specific space belonging to it, matter finds its state of equilibrium and tends to dwell at that location. Thus according to their natural motion, heavy substances sink and light ones rise; this motion is due to their inherent nature.

俄国化学家门捷列夫,最早比较完整的于一八六九至一八七一年,根据「元素周 期表」六十三种元素的原子量顺序排列的表中,他还预言了三个空位所代表的,尚未发现的元素的性质,这些元素分别是类铝(镓)类硅(锗),不久它们都先后发 现了,测得化学与物理性质和门捷列夫预言的基本一致,现已由人工合成了108和109号元素。

Between 1869 and 1871, the Russian chemist Dmitri I. Mendeleyev was the first one to comprehensively arrange the periodic table. Based on the ascending order of the atomic numbers of the sixty-three elements, he predicted the properties of three undiscovered elements. These elements were isotopes of aluminum and curium, which were discovered later. The actual measured chemical and physical properties basically agree with Mendeleyev’s prediction. They have been artifficially fused together as element 108 and element 109.


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