Sukha vedana — pleasant sensations
Dukkha vedana — unpleasant sensations
3. Somanassa vedana — pleasant mental feeling

Domanassa vedana — unpleasant mental feeling
5. Adukkhamasukha vedana — neither unpleasant nor pleasant sensations.

In all references to vedana in the Satipatthana Sutta the Buddha speaks of sukha vedana, dukkha vedana, i.e., the body sensations; or adukkhamasukha vedana, which in this context also clearly denotes neutral body sensations.

The strong emphasis is on body sensations because they work as a direct avenue for the attainment of fruition (nibbana) by means of "strong dependence condition" (upanissaya-paccayena paccayo), i.e., the nearest dependent condition for our liberation. This fact is succinctly highlighted in the Patthana, the seventh text of Abhidhamma Pitaka under the Pakat³panissaya, where it is stated:

Kayikam sukham kayikassa sukhassa, kayikassa dukkhassa, phalasamapattiya upanissayapaccayena paccayo.

Kayikam dukkham kayikassa sukhassa, kayikassa dukkhassa, phalasamapattiya upanissayapaccayena paccayo.

Utu kayikassa sukhassa, kayikassa dukkhassa, phalasamapattiya upanissayapaccayena paccayo.

Bhojanam kayikassa sukhassa, kayikassa dukkhassa, phalasamapattiya upanissayapaccayena paccayo.

Senasanam kayikassa sukhassa, kayikassa dukkhassa, phalasamapattiya upanissayapaccayena paccayo.4

Pleasant body sensation is related to pleasant sensation of the body, unpleasant sensation of the body, and attainment of fruition (nibbana) by strong dependence condition.

Unpleasant body sensation is related to pleasant sensation of the body, unpleasant sensation of the body, and attainment of fruition by strong dependence condition.

The season (or surrounding environment) is related to pleasant sensation of the body, unpleasant sensation of the body, and attainment of fruition by strong dependence condition.

Food is related to pleasant sensation of the body, unpleasant sensation of the body, and attainment of fruition by strong dependence condition.

Lying down and sitting (i.e., the mattress and cushions, or the position of lying, sitting, etc.) is related to pleasant sensation of the body, unpleasant sensation of the body, and attainment of fruition by strong dependence condition.

From the above statement it is clear how important vedana, sensation, is on the path of liberation. The pleasant and unpleasant body sensations, the surrounding environment (utu), the food we eat (bhojanam), and the sleeping and sitting position, the mattress or cushions used, etc. (senasanam) are all responsible for ongoing body sensations of one type or another. When the sensations are experienced properly, as the Buddha explained in Mahasatipatthana Sutta, these become the nearest dependent condition for our liberation.

There are four dimensions to our nature: the body and its sensations, and the mind and its contents. These provide four avenues for the establishing of awareness in satipatthana. In order that the observation be complete, we must experience every facet, which we can only do by means of vedana. This exploration of truth will remove the delusions we have about ourselves.

In the same way, to come out of the delusion about the world outside, we must explore how the outside world interacts with our own mind-and-matter phenomenon, our own self. The outside world comes in contact with the individual only at the six sense doors: the eye, ear, nose, tongue, body and mind. Since all these sense doors are contained in the body, every contact of the outside world is at the body level.

The traditional spiritual teachers of India, before the Buddha, in his day and afterwards, expressed the view that craving causes suffering and that to remove suffering one must abstain from the objects of craving. This belief led to various practices of penance and extreme abstinence from external stimuli. In order to develop detachment, the Buddha took a different approach. Having learned to examine the depths of his own mind, he realized that between the external object and the mental reflex of craving is a missing link: vedana.  Whenever we encounter an object through the five physical senses or the mind, a sensation arises; and based on the sensation, taºha (craving) arises. If the sensation is pleasant we crave to prolong it, if it is unpleasant we crave to be rid of it. It is in the chain of Dependent Origination (paticcasamuppada) that the Buddha expressed his profound discovery:

Sa¼ayatana-paccaya phasso

Phassa-paccaya vedana

Vedana-paccaya taºha.5

Dependent on the six sense-spheres, contact arises.

Dependent on contact, sensation arises.

Dependent on sensation, craving arises.

The immediate cause for the arising of craving and, consequently, of suffering is not something outside of us but rather the sensations that occur within us.

Therefore, just as the understanding of vedana is absolutely essential to understand the interaction between mind and matter within ourselves, the same understanding of vedana is essential to understand the interaction of the outside world with the individual.

If this exploration of truth were to be attempted by contemplation or intellectualization, we could easily ignore the importance of vedana. However, the crux of the Buddha’s teaching is the necessity of understanding the truth not merely at the intellectual level, but by direct experience. For this reason vedana is defined as follows:

Ya vedeti ti vedana, sa vediyati lakkhaºa, anubhavanarasa...6

That which feels the object is vedana; its characteristic is to feel, it is the essential taste of experience...

However, merely to feel the sensations within is not enough to remove our delusions. Instead, it is essential to understand the ti-lakkhaºa (three characteristics) of all phenomena. We must directly experience anicca (impermanence), dukkha (suffering), and anatta (selflessness) within ourselves. Of these three, the Buddha always stressed the importance of anicca because the realization of the other two will easily follow when we experience deeply the characteristic of impermanence. In the Meghiya Sutta of the Udana he said:

Aniccasaññino hi, Meghiya, anattasañña saºthati, anattasaññ² asmimanasamugghatam papuºati dittheva dhamme nibbanam.7

In one, Meghiya, who perceives impermanence, the perception of selflessness is established. One who perceives what is selfless wins the uprooting of the pride of egotism in this very life, and thus realizes nibbana.

Therefore, in the practice of satipatthana, the experience of anicca, arising and passing away, plays a crucial role. This experience of anicca as it manifests in the mind and body is also called vipassana. The practice of Vipassana is the same as the practice of satipatthana.

The Mahasatipatthana Sutta begins with the observation of the body. Here several different starting points are explained: observing respiration, giving attention to bodily movements, etc. It is from these points that we can progressively develop vedananupassana, cittanupassana  and dhammanupassana. However, no matter from which point the journey starts, stages come which everyone must pass through on the way to the final goal. These are described in important sentences repeated not only at the end of each section of kayanupassana but also at the end of vedananupassana, cittanupassana and each section of dhammanupassana. They are:

Samudaya-dhammanupass² va viharati.

Vaya-dhammanupass² va viharati.

3. Samudaya-vaya-dhammanupass² va viharati.8

One dwells observing the phenomenon of arising.

2. One dwells observing the phenomenon of passing away.

3. One dwells observing the phenomenon of arising and passing away.

These sentences reveal the essence of the practice of satipatthana. Unless these three levels of anicca are experienced, we will not develop pañña (wisdom) — the equanimity based on the experience of impermanence — which leads to detachment and liberation. Therefore, in order to practise any of the four-fold satipatthana we have to develop the constant thorough understanding of impermanence which in Pali is known as sampajañña.

Sampajañña has been often misunderstood. In the colloquial language of the day, it also had the meaning of "knowingly." For example, the Buddha has spoken of sampajanamusa bhasita,9 and sampajana musavada10 which means "consciously, or knowingly, to speak falsely." This superficial meaning of the term is sufficient in an ordinary context. But whenever the Buddha speaks of vipassana, of the practice leading to purification, to nibbana, as here in this sutta, then sampajañña has a specific, technical significance.

To remain sampajano (the adjective form of sampajañña), one must meditate on the impermanence of phenomena (anicca-bodha), objectively observing mind and matter without reaction. The understanding of samudaya-vaya-dhamma (the nature of arising and passing away) cannot be by contemplation, which is merely a process of thinking, or by imagination or even by believing; it must be performed with paccanubhoti 11 (direct experience), which is yathabh³ta-ñaºa-dassana 12 (experiential knowledge of the reality as it is). Here the observation of vedana plays its vital role, because with vedana a meditator very clearly and tangibly experiences samudaya-vaya (arising and passing away). Sampajañña, in fact, is directly perceiving the arising and passing away of vedana, wherein all four facets of our being are included.

It is for this reason that the three essential qualities—to remain atap² (ardent), sampajano, and satima (aware)—are invariably repeated for each of the four satipatthanas. And as the Buddha explained, sampajañña is observing the arising and passing away of vedana.13 Hence the part played by vedana in the practice of satipatthana should not be ignored or this practice of satipatthana will not be complete.

In the words of the Buddha:

Tisso ima, bhikkhave, vedana. Katama tisso? Sukha vedana, dukkha vedana, adukkhamasukha vedana.
Ima kho, bhikkhave, tisso vedana. Imasam kho, bhikkhave, tissannam vedananam pariññaya cattaro satipatthana bhavetabba.14

Meditators, there are three types of body sensations. What are the three? Pleasant sensations, unpleasant sensations and neutral sensations. Practise, meditators, the four-fold satipatthana for the complete understanding of these three sensations.

The practice of satipatthana, which is the practice of Vipassana, is complete only when one directly experiences impermanence. Sensations provide the nexus where the entire mind and body are tangibly revealed as impermanent phenomena, leading to liberation.

References

1. D²gha-nikaya: VRI II. 373; PTS II. 290

2. Loc. cit.

3. Aªguttara-nikaya, VRI II, 58; PTS V, 107

4. Patthana, Vol. I, Kusalatika: VRI, 324

5. Vinaya, Mahavagga: VRI, 1; PTS 2

6. Abhidhammattha-saªgaho, Hindi translation and commentary by Ven. Dr. U Rewata Dhamma, Varanaseya Sanskrit Vishva-vidyalaya, Varanasi, Vol. I p. 101. By using the term anubhavanarasa, the commentator is pointing to the fact that the essence of experience itself is vedana, the sensations on the body.

7. Udana: VRI, 31; PTS, 37

8. D²gha-nikaya: VRI II. 374-404; PTS II. 292-314

9. D²gha-nikaya: VRI III. 62; PTS III 45. Aªguttara-nikaya : VRI I, Tikanipata, 28; PTS I. 128

10. Vinaya, Pacittiya: VRI, 3; PTS 2

11. Majjhima-nikaya: VRI I. 455; PTS I. 295; Samyutta-nikaya: VRI III. 512, 823 ff., 839 ff.; PTS V. 217, 264ff., 286 ff.

12. Aªguttara-nikaya: VRI II, Pañcakanipata, 24, 168, Sattakanipata, 65, VRI III, Atthakanipata, 81; PTS III, 19, 200; IV, 99, 336

13. Samyutta-nikaya: VRI III. 401; PTS V. 180

14. Ibid.: VRI III. 415; PTS V. 180

_____________________________

Note: Pali references are from the Chattha Saªgayana edition of the Tipitaka, published by the Vipassana Research Institute (VRI), giving book and paragraph number, followed by the Pali Text Society (PTS) edition, giving book and page number.

Namo Tassa Bhagavato Arahato

Sammasambuddhassa

Mahasatipatthana Sutta

Evam me sutam.

Ekam samayam bhagava kur³su viharati kammasadhammam nama kur³nam nigamo. Tatra kho bhagava bhikkh³ amantesi, ‘Bhikkhavo’1 ti. ‘Bhaddante’ ti te bhikkh³ bhagavato paccassosum. Bhagava etadavoca:

1. Uddeso

Ekayano ayam, bhikkhave, maggo sattanam visuddhiya, sokaparidevanam samatikkamaya, dukkhadomanassanam atthaªgamaya, ñayassa adhigamaya, nibbanassa sacchikiriyaya, yadidam cattaro satipatthana.2

Katame cattaro? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati atap² sampajano3 satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam. Vedanasu vedananupass² viharati atap² sampajano satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam. Citte cittanupass² viharati atap² sampajano satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam. Dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati atap² sampajano satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam.4

2. Kayanupassana

A. ¾napanapabbam

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu araññagato va rukkham³lagato va suññagaragato va nis²dati pallaªkam abhujitva, ujum kayam paºidhaya, parimukham satim upatthapetva. So sato va assasati, sato va passasati. D²gham va assasanto ‘d²gham assasam²’ ti pajanati,5 d²gham va passasanto ‘d²gham passasam²’ ti pajanati. Rassam va assasanto ‘rassam assasam²’ ti pajanati, rassam va passasanto ‘rassam passasam²’ ti pajanati. ‘Sabbakayapatisamved² assasissam²’ ti sikkhati, ‘sabbakayapatisamved² passasissam²’ ti sikkhati. ‘Passambhayam kayasaªkharam assasissam²’ ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayam kayasaªkharam passasissam²’ ti sikkhati.

Seyyathapi, bhikkhave, dakkho bhamakaro va bhamakarantevas² va d²gham va añchanto ‘d²gham añcham²’ ti pajanati, rassam va añchanto ‘rassam añcham²’ ti pajanati. Evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu d²gham va assasanto ‘d²gham assasam²’ ti pajanati, d²gham va passasanto ‘d²gham passasam²’ ti pajanati, rassam va assasanto ‘rassam assasam²’ ti pajanati, rassam va passasanto ‘rassam passasam²’ ti pajanati. ‘Sabbakayapatisamved² assasissam²’ ti sikkhati, ‘sabbakayapatisamved² passasissam²’ ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayam kayasaªkharam assasissam²’ ti sikkhati, ‘passambhayam kayasaªkharam passasissam²’ ti sikkhati.

Iti6 ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha7 va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’8 ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya9 anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

B. Iriyapathapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu gacchanto va ‘gaccham²’ ti pajanati, thito va ‘thitomh²’ ti pajanati, nisinno va ‘nisinnomh²’ ti pajanati, sayano va ‘sayanomh²’ ti pajanati. Yatha yatha va panassa kayo paºihito hoti, tatha tatha nam pajanati.10

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

C. Sampajanapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu abhikkante patikkante sampajanakar² hoti,11 alokite vilokite sampajanakar² hoti, samiñjite pasarite sampajanakar² hoti, saªghatipattac²varadharaºe sampajanakar² hoti, asite p²te khayite sayite sampajanakar² hoti, uccarapassavakamme sampajanakar² hoti, gate thite nisinne sutte jagarite bhasite tuºh²bhave sampajanakar² hoti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

D. Patik³lamanasikarapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kayam, uddham padatala adho kesamatthaka, tacapariyantam p³ram nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati: ‘Atthi imasmim kaye kesa loma nakha danta taco mamsam nharu atthi atthimiñjam vakkam hadayam yakanam kilomakam pihakam papphasam antam antaguºam udariyam kar²sam pittam semham pubbo lohitam sedo medo assu vasa khe¼o siªghaºika lasika muttam’ ti.

Seyyathapi, bhikkhave, ubhatomukha puto¼i p³ra nanavihitassa dhaññassa, seyyathidam sal²nam v²h²nam mugganam masanam tilanam taº¹ulanam. Tamenam cakkhuma puriso muñcitva paccavekkheyya: ‘Ime sal² ime v²h², ime mugga, ime masa, ime tila, ime taº¹ula’ ti; evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kayam, uddham padatala adho kesamatthaka, tacapariyantam p³ram nanappakarassa asucino paccavekkhati: ‘Atthi imasmim kaye kesa loma nakha danta taco mamsam nharu atthi atthimiñjam vakkam hadayam yakanam kilomakam pihakam papphasam antam antaguºam udariyam kar²sam pittam semham pubbo lohitam sedo medo assu vasa khe¼o siªghaºika lasika muttam’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

E. Dhatumanasikarapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kayam yathathitam yathapaºihitam dhatuso paccavekkhati: ‘Atthi imasmim kaye pathav²dhatu apodhatu tejodhatu vayodhat³’ ti.

Seyyathapi, bhikkhave, dakkho goghatako va goghatakantevas² va gavim vadhitva catumahapathe bilaso vibhajitva nisinno assa; evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu imameva kayam yathathitam yathapaºihitam dhatuso paccavekkhati: ‘Atthi imasmim kaye pathav²dhatu apodhatu tejodhatu vayodhat³’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

F. Navasivathikapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam ekahamatam va dv²hamatam va t²hamatam va uddhumatakam vin²lakam vipubbakajatam. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam kakehi va khajjamanam kulalehi va khajjamanam gijjhehi va khajjamanam kaªkehi va khajjamanam sunakhehi va khajjamanam byagghehi va khajjamanam d²p²hi va khajjamanam siªgalehi va khajjamanam vividhehi va paºakajatehi khajjamanam. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam atthikasaªkhalikam samamsalohitam nharusambandham. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam atthikasaªkhalikam nimamsalohitamakkhitam nharusambandham. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam atthikasaªkhalikam apagatamamsalohitam nharusambandham. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam atthikani apagatasambandhani disa vidisa vikkhittani, aññena hatthatthikam aññena padatthikam aññena gopphakatthikam aññena jaªghatthikam aññena ³rutthikam aññena katitthikam aññena phasukatthikam aññena pitthitthikam aññena khandhatthikam aññena g²vatthikam aññena hanukatthikam aññena dantatthikam aññena s²sakataham. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam atthikani setani saªkhavaººapatibhagani. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam atthikani puñjakitani terovassikani. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathapi passeyya sar²ram sivathikaya cha¹¹itam atthikani p³t²ni cuººakajatani. So imameva kayam upasamharati: ‘ayam pi kho kayo evamdhammo evambhav² evamanat²to’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va kaye kayanupass² viharati, bahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va kaye kayanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va kayasmim viharati, ‘atthi kayo’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati.

3. Vedananupassana

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vedanasu vedananupass² viharati?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu sukham va vedanam vedayamano ‘sukham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati; dukkham va vedanam vedayamano ‘dukkham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati; adukkhamasukham va vedanam vedayamano ‘adukkhamasukham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati. Samisam va sukham vedanam vedayamano ‘samisam sukham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati; niramisam va sukham vedanam vedayamano ‘niramisam sukham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati. Samisam va dukkham vedanam vedayamano ‘samisam dukkham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati; niramisam va dukkham vedanam vedayamano ‘niramisam dukkham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati. Samisam va adukkhamasukham vedanam vedayamano ‘samisam adukkhamasukham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati; niramisam va adukkhamasukham vedanam vedayamano ‘niramisam adukkhamasukham vedanam vedayam²’ ti pajanati.12

Iti ajjhattam va vedanasu vedananupass² viharati, bahiddha13 va vedanasu vedananupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va vedanasu vedananupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va vedanasu viharati, vayadhammanupass² va vedanasu viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va vedanasu viharati, ‘atthi vedana’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vedanasu vedananupass² viharati.

4. Cittanupassana

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu citte14 cittanupass² viharati?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu saragam va cittam ‘saragam cittam’ ti pajanati, v²taragam va cittam ‘v²taragam cittam’ ti pajanati, sadosam va cittam ‘sadosam cittam’ ti pajanati, v²tadosam va cittam ‘v²tadosam cittam’ ti pajanati, samoham va cittam ‘samoham cittam’ ti pajanati, v²tamoham va cittam ‘v²tamoham cittam’ ti pajanati, saªkhittam va cittam ‘saªkhittam cittam’ ti pajanati, vikkhittam va cittam ‘vikkhittam cittam’15 ti pajanati, mahaggatam va cittam ‘mahaggatam cittam’ ti pajanati, amahaggatam va cittam ‘amahaggatam cittam’16 ti pajanati, sa-uttaram va cittam ‘sa-uttaram cittam’ ti pajanati, anuttaram va cittam ‘anuttaram cittam’17 ti pajanati, samahitam va cittam ‘samahitam cittam’ ti pajanati, asamahitam va cittam ‘asamahitam cittam’18 ti pajanati, vimuttam va cittam ‘vimuttam cittam’ ti pajanati, avimuttam va cittam ‘avimuttam cittam’ ti pajanati.

Iti ajjhattam va citte cittanupass² viharati, bahiddha va citte cittanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va citte cittanupass² viharati,19 samudayadhammanupass² va cittasmim viharati, vayadhammanupass² va cittasmim viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va cittasmim viharati, ‘atthi cittam’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu citte cittanupass² viharati.

5. Dhammanupassana

A. N²varaºapabbam

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati—pañcasu n²varaºesu.

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati—pañcasu n²varaºesu?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu santam va ajjhattam kamacchandam ‘atthi me ajjhattam kamacchando’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam kamacchandam ‘natthi me ajjhattam kamacchando’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa kamacchandassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa kamacchandassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa kamacchandassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam byapadam ‘atthi me ajjhattam byapado’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam byapadam ‘natthi me ajjhattam byapado’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa byapadassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa byapadassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa byapadassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam thinamiddham ‘atthi me ajjhattam thinamiddham’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam thinamiddham ‘natthi me ajjhattam thinamiddham’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa thinamiddhassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa thinamiddhassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa thinamiddhassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam uddhaccakukkuccam ‘atthi me ajjhattam uddhaccakukkuccam’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam uddhaccakukkuccam ‘natthi me ajjhattam uddhaccakukkuccam’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa uddhaccakukkuccassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa uddhaccakukkuccassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa uddhaccakukkuccassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam vicikiccham ‘atthi me ajjhattam vicikiccha’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam vicikiccham ‘natthi me ajjhattam vicikiccha’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannaya vicikicchaya uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannaya vicikicchaya pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²naya vicikicchaya ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Iti ajjhattam va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, bahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, vayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, ‘atthi dhamma’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati pañcasu n²varaºesu.

B. Khandhapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati pañcasu upadanakkhandhesu.20

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati pañcasu upadanakkhandhesu?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu, ‘iti r³pam, iti r³passa samudayo, iti r³passa atthaªgamo; iti vedana, iti vedanaya samudayo, iti vedanaya atthaªgamo; iti sañña, iti saññaya samudayo, iti saññaya atthaªgamo; iti saªkhara, iti saªkharanam samudayo, iti saªkharanam atthaªgamo; iti viññaºam, iti viññaºassa samudayo, iti viññaºassa atthaªgamo’ ti.

Iti ajjhattam va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, bahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, vayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, ‘atthi dhamma’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati pañcasu upadanakkhandhesu.

C. ¾yatanapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu.

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu cakkhum ca pajanati, r³pe ca pajanati, yam ca tadubhayam paticca uppajjati samyojanam tam ca pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa samyojanassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa samyojanassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa samyojanassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Sotam ca pajanati, sadde ca pajanati, yam ca tadubhayam paticca uppajjati samyojanam tam ca pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa samyojanassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa samyojanassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa samyojanassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Ghanam ca pajanati, gandhe ca pajanati, yam ca tadubhayam paticca uppajjati samyojanam tam ca pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa samyojanassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa samyojanassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa samyojanassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Jivham ca pajanati, rase ca pajanati, yam ca tadubhayam paticca uppajjati samyojanam tam ca pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa samyojanassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa samyojanassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa samyojanassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Kayam ca pajanati, photthabbe ca pajanati, yam ca tadubhayam paticca uppajjati samyojanam tam ca pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa samyojanassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa samyojanassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa samyojanassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Manam ca pajanati, dhamme ca pajanati, yam ca tadubhayam paticca uppajjati samyojanam tam ca pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa samyojanassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa samyojanassa pahanam hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca pah²nassa samyojanassa ayatim anuppado hoti tam ca pajanati.

Iti ajjhattam va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, bahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, vayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, ‘atthi dhamma’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati chasu ajjhattikabahiresu ayatanesu.

D. Bojjhaªgapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati sattasu bojjhaªgesu.

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati sattasu bojjhaªgesu?

Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu santam va ajjhattam satisambojjhaªgam ‘atthi me ajjhattam satisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam satisambojjhaªgam ‘natthi me ajjhattam satisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa satisambojjhaªgassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa satisambojjhaªgassa bhavanaya parip³r² hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam dhammavicayasambojjhaªgam21 ‘atthi me ajjhattam dhammavicayasambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam dhammavicayasambojjhaªgam ‘natthi me ajjhattam dhammavicayasambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa dhammavicayasambojjhaªgassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa dhammavicayasambojjhaªgassa bhavanaya parip³r² hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam v²riyasambojjhaªgam ‘atthi me ajjhattam v²riyasambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam v²riyasambojjhaªgam ‘natthi me ajjhattam v²riyasambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa v²riyasambojjhaªgassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa v²riyasambojjhaªgassa bhavanaya parip³r² hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam p²tisambojjhaªgam22 ‘atthi me ajjhattam p²tisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam p²tisambojjhaªgam ‘natthi me ajjhattam p²tisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa p²tisambojjhaªgassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa p²tisambojjhaªgassa bhavanaya parip³r² hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam passaddhisambojjhaªgam23 ‘atthi me ajjhattam passaddhisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam passaddhisambojjhaªgam ‘natthi me ajjhattam passaddhisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa passaddhisambojjhaªgassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa passaddhisambojjhaªgassa bhavanaya parip³r² hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam samadhisambojjhaªgam ‘atthi me ajjhattam samadhisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam samadhisambojjhaªgam ‘natthi me ajjhattam samadhisambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa samadhisambojjhaªgassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa samadhisambojjhaªgassa bhavanaya parip³r² hoti tam ca pajanati.

Santam va ajjhattam upekkhasambojjhaªgam ‘atthi me ajjhattam upekkhasambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, asantam va ajjhattam upekkhasambojjhaªgam ‘natthi me ajjhattam upekkhasambojjhaªgo’ ti pajanati, yatha ca anuppannassa upekkhasambojjhaªgassa uppado hoti tam ca pajanati, yatha ca uppannassa upekkhasambojjhaªgassa bhavanaya parip³r² hoti tam ca pajanati.

Iti ajjhattam va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, bahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, vayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, ‘atthi dhamma’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati sattasu bojjhaªgesu.

E. Saccapabbam

Puna caparam, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati cat³su ariyasaccesu.

Katham ca pana, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati cat³su ariyasaccesu?

Idha bhikkhave, bhikkhu ‘idam dukkham’ ti yathabh³tam pajanati, ‘ayam dukkhasamudayo’ ti yathabh³tam pajanati, ‘ayam dukkhanirodho’ ti yathabh³tam pajanati, ‘ayam dukkhanirodhagamin² patipada’ ti yathabh³tam pajanati.

Dukkhasaccaniddeso

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, dukkham ariyasaccam?

Jati pi dukkha, jara pi dukkha, (byadhi pi dukkha,)24 maraºam pi dukkham, sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupayasa pi dukkha, appiyehi sampayogo pi dukkho, piyehi vippayogo pi dukkho, yampiccham na labhati tam pi dukkham, saªkhittena pañcupadanakkhandha dukkha.

Katama ca, bhikkhave, jati? Ya tesam tesam sattanam tamhi tamhi sattanikaye jati sañjati okkanti abhinibbatti khandhanam patubhavo ayatananam patilabho, ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, jati.

Katama ca, bhikkhave, jara? Ya tesam tesam sattanam tamhi tamhi sattanikaye jara j²raºata khaº¹iccam paliccam valittacata ayuno samhani indriyanam paripako, ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, jara.

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, maraºam? Yam tesam tesam sattanam tamha tamha sattanikaya cuti cavanata bhedo antaradhanam maccu maraºam kalakiriya khandhanam bhedo ka¼evarassa nikkhepo j²vitindriyassupacchedo, idam vuccati, bhikkhave, maraºam.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, soko? Yo kho, bhikkhave, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannagatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phutthassa soko socana socitattam antosoko antoparisoko, ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, soko.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, paridevo? Yo kho, bhikkhave, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannagatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phutthassa adevo paridevo adevana paridevana adevitattam paridevitattam, ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, paridevo.

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, dukkham?25 Yam kho, bhikkhave, kayikam dukkham kayikam asatam kayasamphassajam dukkham asatam vedayitam, idam vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkham.

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, domanassam?25 Yam kho, bhikkhave, cetasikam dukkham cetasikam asatam manosamphassajam dukkham asatam vedayitam, idam vuccati, bhikkhave, domanassam.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, upayaso? Yo kho, bhikkhave, aññataraññatarena byasanena samannagatassa aññataraññatarena dukkhadhammena phutthassa ayaso upayaso ayasitattam upayasitattam, ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, upayaso.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, appiyehi sampayogo dukkho? Idha yassa te honti anittha akanta amanapa r³pa sadda gandha rasa photthabba dhamma, ye va panassa te honti anatthakama ahitakama aphasukakama ayogakkhemakama, ya tehi saddhim saªgati samagamo samodhanam miss²bhavo, ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, appiyehi sampayogo dukkho.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, piyehi vippayogo dukkho? Idha yassa te honti ittha kanta manapa r³pa sadda gandha rasa photthabba dhamma, ye va panassa te honti atthakama hitakama phasukakama yogakkhemakama mata va pita va bhata va bhagin² va mitta va amacca va ñatisalohita va, ya tehi saddhim asaªgati asamagamo asamodhanam amiss²bhavo, ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, piyehi vippayogo dukkho.

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, yampiccham na labhati tam pi dukkham? Jatidhammanam, bhikkhave, sattanam evam iccha uppajjati: ‘aho vata mayam na jatidhamma assama na ca vata no jati agaccheyya’ ti. Na kho panetam icchaya pattabbam. Idam pi yampiccham na labhati tam pi dukkham.

Jaradhammanam, bhikkhave, sattanam evam iccha uppajjati: ‘aho vata mayam na jaradhamma assama, na ca vata no jara agaccheyya’ ti. Na kho panetam icchaya pattabbam. Idam pi yampiccham na labhati tam pi dukkham.

Byadhidhammanam, bhikkhave, sattanam evam iccha uppajjati: ‘aho vata mayam na byadhidhamma assama, na ca vata no byadhi agaccheyya’ ti. Na kho panetam icchaya pattabbam. Idam pi yampiccham na labhati tam pi dukkham.

Maraºadhammanam, bhikkhave, sattanam evam iccha uppajjati: ‘aho vata mayam na maraºadhamma assama, na ca vata no maraºam agaccheyya’ ti. Na kho panetam icchaya pattabbam. Idam pi yampiccham na labhati tam pi dukkham.

Sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupayasadhammanam, bhikkhave, sattanam evam iccha uppajjati: ‘aho vata mayam na sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupayasadhamma assama, na ca vata no sokaparidevadukkhadomanassupayasadhamma agaccheyyum’ ti. Na kho panetam icchaya pattabbam. Idam pi yampiccham na labhati tam pi dukkham.

Katame ca, bhikkhave, saªkhittena pañcupadanakkhandha dukkha? Seyyathidam—r³pupadanakkhandho vedanupadanakkhandho saññupadanakkhandho saªkharupadanakkhandho viññaºupadanakkhandho. Ime vuccanti, bhikkhave, saªkhittena pañcupadanakkhandha dukkha.

Idam vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkham ariyasaccam.

Samudayasaccaniddeso

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, dukkhasamudayam ariyasaccam?

Yayam taºha ponobbhavika nand²ragasahagata tatratatrabhinandin², seyyathidam, kamataºha bhavataºha vibhavataºha.

Sa kho panesa, bhikkhave, taºha kattha uppajjamana uppajjati, kattha nivisamana nivisati?

Yam loke piyar³pam satar³pam etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

Kiñca loke26 piyar³pam satar³pam? Cakkhu loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Sotam lo, ke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Ghanam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Jivha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Kayo loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Mano loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

R³pa loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Sadda loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Gandha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Rasa loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Photthabba loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Dhamma loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

Cakkhuviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Sotaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Ghanaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Jivhaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Kayaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Manoviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

Cakkhusamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Sotasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Ghanasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Jivhasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Kayasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Manosamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

Cakkhusamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Sotasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Ghanasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Jivhasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Kayasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Manosamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

R³pasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Saddasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Gandhasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Rasasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Photthabbasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Dhammasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

R³pasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Saddasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Gandhasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Rasasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Photthabbasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Dhammasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

R³pataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Saddataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Gandhataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Rasataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Photthabbataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Dhammataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

R³pavitakko27 loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Saddavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Gandhavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Rasavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Photthabbavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Dhammavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

R³pavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Saddavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Gandhavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Rasavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Photthabbavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati. Dhammavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha uppajjamana uppajjati, ettha nivisamana nivisati.

Idam vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhasamudayam ariyasaccam.

Nirodhasaccaniddeso

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodham ariyasaccam?

Yo tassayeva taºhaya asesaviraganirodho cago patinissaggo mutti analayo. Sa kho panesa, bhikkhave, taºha kattha pah²yamana pah²yati, kattha nirujjhamana nirujjhati? Yam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

Kiñca loke piyar³pam satar³pam? Cakkhu loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Sotam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Ghanam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Jivha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Kayo loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Mano loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

R³pa loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Sadda loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Gandha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Rasa loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Photthabba loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Dhamma loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

Cakkhuviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Sotaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Ghanaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Jivhaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Kayaviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Manoviññaºam loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

Cakkhusamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Sotasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Ghanasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Jivhasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Kayasamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Manosamphasso loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

Cakkhusamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Sotasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Ghanasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Jivhasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Kayasamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Manosamphassaja vedana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

R³pasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Saddasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Gandhasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Rasasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Photthabbasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Dhammasañña loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

R³pasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Saddasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Gandhasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Rasasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Photthabbasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Dhammasañcetana loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

R³pataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Saddataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Gandhataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Rasataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Photthabbataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Dhammataºha loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

R³pavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Saddavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Gandhavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Rasavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Photthabbavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Dhammavitakko loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

R³pavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Saddavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Gandhavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Rasavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Photthabbavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati. Dhammavicaro loke piyar³pam satar³pam, etthesa taºha pah²yamana pah²yati, ettha nirujjhamana nirujjhati.

Idam vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodham ariyasaccam.

Maggasaccaniddeso

Katamam ca, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhagamin² patipada ariyasaccam? Ayameva ariyo atthaªgiko maggo, seyyathidam, sammaditthi, sammasaªkappo, sammavaca, sammakammanto, samma-aj²vo, sammavayamo, sammasati, sammasamadhi.

Katama ca, bhikkhave, sammaditthi? Yam kho, bhikkhave, dukkhe ñaºam, dukkhasamudaye ñaºam, dukkhanirodhe ñaºam, dukkhanirodhagaminiya patipadaya ñaºam. Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, sammaditthi.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammasaªkappo? Nekkhammasaªkappo, abyapadasaªkappo, avihimsasaªkappo. Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, sammasaªkappo.

Katama ca, bhikkhave, sammavaca? Musavada veramaº², pisuºaya vacaya veramaº², pharusaya vacaya veramaº², samphappalapa veramaº². Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, sammavaca.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammakammanto? Paºatipata veramaº², adinnadana veramaº², kamesumicchacara veramaº². Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, sammakammanto.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, samma-aj²vo? Idha, bhikkhave, ariyasavako miccha-aj²vam pahaya samma-aj²vena j²vitam kappeti. Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, samma-aj²vo.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammavayamo? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu anuppannanam papakanam akusalanam dhammanam anuppadaya chandam janeti vayamati v²riyam arabhati cittam paggaºhati padahati; uppannanam papakanam akusalanam dhammanam pahanaya chandam janeti vayamati v²riyam arabhati cittam paggaºhati padahati; anuppannanam kusalanam dhammanam uppadaya chandam janeti vayamati v²riyam arabhati cittam paggaºhati padahati; uppannanam kusalanam dhammanam thitiya asammosaya bhiyyobhavaya vepullaya bhavanaya parip³riya chandam janeti vayamati v²riyam arabhati cittam paggaºhati padahati. Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, sammavayamo.

Katama ca, bhikkhave, sammasati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kaye kayanupass² viharati atap² sampajano satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam, vedanasu vedananupass² viharati atap² sampajano satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam, citte cittanupass² viharati atap² sampajano satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam, dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati atap² sampajano satima, vineyya loke abhijjhadomanassam. Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, sammasati.

Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammasamadhi? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu vivicceva kamehi vivicca akusalehi dhammehi savitakkam savicaram27 vivekajam p²tisukham pathamam jhanam upasampajja viharati, vitakkavicaranam v³pasama ajjhattam sampasadanam cetaso ekodibhavam avitakkam avicaram samadhijam p²tisukham dutiyam jhanam upasampajja viharati, p²tiya ca viraga upekkhako ca viharati sato ca sampajano sukham ca kayena patisamvedeti yam tam ariya acikkhanti: ‘upekkhako satima sukhavihar²’ ti tatiyam jhanam upasampajja viharati, sukhassa ca pahana dukkhassa ca pahana pubbeva somanassadomanassanam atthaªgama adukkhamasukham upekkhasatiparisuddhim catuttham jhanam upasampajja viharati. Ayam vuccati, bhikkhave, sammasamadhi.

Idam vuccati, bhikkhave, dukkhanirodhagamin² patipada ariyasaccam.

Iti ajjhattam va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, bahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, ajjhattabahiddha va dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati, samudayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, vayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, samudayavayadhammanupass² va dhammesu viharati, ‘atthi dhamma’ ti va panassa sati paccupatthita hoti. Yavadeva ñaºamattaya patissatimattaya anissito ca viharati, na ca kiñci loke upadiyati. Evam pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu dhammesu dhammanupass² viharati cat³su ariyasaccesu.

6. Satipatthanabhavananisamso

Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattaro satipatthane evam28 bhaveyya sattavassani, tassa dvinnam phalanam aññataram phalam patikaªkham: dittheva dhamme añña,29 sati va upadisese anagamita.30

Titthantu, bhikkhave, sattavassani. Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattaro satipatthane evam bhaveyya cha vassani, tassa dvinnam phalanam aññataram phalam patikaªkham: dittheva dhamme añña, sati va upadisese anagamita.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, cha vassani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, pañca vassani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, cattari vassani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, t²ºi vassani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, dve vassani..pe.

Titthatu, bhikkhave, ekam vassam. Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattaro satipatthane evam bhaveyya sattamasani, tassa dvinnam phalanam aññataram phalam patikaªkham: dittheva dhamme añña, sati va upadisese anagamita.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, satta masani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, cha masani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, pañca masani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, cattari masani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, t²ºi masani...pe.

Titthantu, bhikkhave, dve masani...pe.

Titthatu, bhikkhave, ekam masam...pe.

Titthatu, bhikkhave, a¹¹hamasam...pe.

Titthatu, bhikkhave, a¹¹hamaso. Yo hi koci, bhikkhave, ime cattaro satipatthane evam bhaveyya sattaham, tassa dvinnam phalanam aññataram phalam patikaªkham: dittheva dhamme añña, sati va upadisese anagamita.

‘Ekayano ayam, bhikkhave, maggo sattanam visuddhiya, sokaparidevanam samatikkamaya, dukkhadomanassanam atthaªgamaya, ñayassa adhigamaya, nibbanassa sacchikiriyaya yadidam cattaro satipatthana’ ti. Iti yam tam vuttam, idametam paticca vuttam ti.

Idamavoca bhagava. Attamana te bhikkh³ bhagavato bhasitam abhinandum ti