物理、心理、伦理：佛教与科学的三大交涉点
近现代以来，将佛教与科学置于同一平台进行考察与对话已成为一个新兴的理论视域。参加议论的，既有佛学家，也有科学家，两种原本看似排异的力量逐渐寻找着彼此的融合点，从而拓宽了各自的理论疆域，并促成可一门边缘学科的诞生。
在不少人眼里，不是将佛教视作迷信，就是将迷信等同于佛教。发现佛教与科学的接轨点并将佛教科学化，在很大程度上可以消除科学时代人们对佛教的误解与偏见，同时引导佛教徒在正本清源中正信正行，使佛教在新的语境中获得新的生命力；而佛教的许多独特价值不但可以为科学提供富有启发意义的认识路径，而且也可以弥补与校正科学的某些实践缺失与价值偏弊，以共同促进文明与和谐社会的建设。应当说，这是“佛教与科学”双向受益的一个过程。
我认为，“佛教与科学”可以在物理、心理、伦理三大交涉点上展开：
一、从物理学层面看，佛教之“空”本指“因缘和合”、“真空妙有”的“无限可能性”，而科学对宏观本体与微观本体的探索也最终指向“无限大”与“无限小”，两者共同的目标是在整体的、有机的、主客观交融的普遍联系中探索与揭示宇宙存在的实相与本来面目。与世间许多宗教、哲学总要预设一个本体、大梵或上帝不同，佛教从体证出发，在纷纭万象中概括出缘起法则，得出“诸行无常”、“诸法无我”的结论，以“如实知见”宇宙实相，从而使人们不是在迷信中祈求护佑，而是在心灵的感悟中获得解脱的力量；而伴随着科学的发展，人类对本体论与认识论的探索也在不断深化。正如当代英国科学史家布鲁克教授所言：“按照那种把原子看成是一个含有各种可能性的系统的量子力学诠释，把原子还原为关于其组成部分的状态的单一描述是行不通的。在原子中，基本粒子的独立身份消失了，描述系统的规律不能从描述其组成部分的规律中推导出来，它们与包含它们的那些系统处于共生的关系之中，如玻尔告诫：在寻找生命的和谐时，人们千万不能忘记，在存在的戏剧中，我们自身既是演员，又是观众。”所不同点，一为体证，一为实证，一为性智，一为量智，它们是人类智慧的两大有机组成部分，缺一不成完整的、健全的智慧。性智是人文的、价值的、求道的、整体的、灵性的、直观的、情感的、做人的智慧，量智是科学的、理性的、逻辑的、数理的、实验的、做事的智慧，只有将双方彼此打通、综合运用，人类才能不断认识大自然和人自身以及所有未知世界的奥秘，才能不断有所发现、有所创新。这种理性主义的态度是佛教与科学的精髓，也是佛教与科学可以达成交涉的坚实基础。
二、从心理学层面看，佛学可以说就是一门最古老的“心学”，佛陀即以疗治众生心病的大医王为己任。以“如实知见”的智慧来“自知其心、自净其意”是佛教极为殊胜之处。此点在佛教“唯识学”中得到了充分的体现。佛陀细致入微地解析了心识的生起、形态、结构与功能，并提出了一系列“转识成智”以及获得心灵净化与解脱的方便法门与操作技术，树立了由人成佛的超越型人格的典范。现代人由于不能善治其心，故染上了浮躁不安、紧张焦虑等种种心病。而佛陀的所谓八万四千法门，门门其实都是对治心病之法。如果我们能善用佛陀“心”的智慧，以静心对治动心、以好心对治坏心、以信心对治疑心、以真心对治妄心、以包容心对治狭隘心、以无心对治有心、以永恒心对治无常心、以平常心对治执着心，那么我们就能释放出心的不可思议的妙用。和谐世界，从心开始。心净则国土净，心安则众生安，心平则世界平。现代西方心理学诸如弗洛伊德精神分析法中对人类潜意识的描述、荣格对集体无意识的揭示以及弗罗姆、叔本华、胡塞尔等哲学中都可以看到佛学的影子。西方心理学家能在实验与资料的饿基础上研究人格的发展过程以及行为的潜在因素，但却在人格改造上暴露出明显的局限。佛教心理学在这方面的统一性给我们提供了许多有益的启示。
三、从伦理学层面看，佛教基于三世因果的业力论所提出的“诸恶莫作，众善奉行，自净其意，是诸佛教”的“七佛通戒偈”，具有强大的社会教化功能。科学从事物普遍联系中揭示出因果关系的法则，而佛教则将这种因果法则运用于社会伦理与人格塑造之中，具有高度理性化的特质。佛陀理性化的业力因果论既消解了神意伦理的迷信色彩，也在强化“自作自受”中避免了宿命论、机运论等伦理学说的弊端。佛教伦理学特别强调业由心造、人心有能自主其业的自由意志，从而对于人类发挥主观能动性、力行众善、自铸良善人格、净化生存环境、提升生命境界、共建人与自然、人与人、人与自身和谐发展的美好社会具有切实的道德实践效用。正是基于这样一种理念，我们太原白云禅寺自觉实施了“日行一善、善行一日”的日常道德机制，呼唤更多的人们从每一天做起、从每一件小事做起，把对善良的理论认知，价值诉求转化为最真诚、最具体的行动，并将其养成为一种最为内在的信念、情怀、境界、习惯与人格。我们深知，最好的善就像水一样，自然而然，无处不在，而且不但能够自善，还可善人，并能随时随地以自己的人格与行为带动和影响他人共同参与到这项活动中来，以形成社会互动和社会风尚。我们常常无法做伟大的事，但我们可以用伟大的爱去做些小事。如果每个人能够“日行一善”，那么日积月累，积行成习，积习成德，积德成贤，就会成就全社会的大善与至善。佛教在科技时代的独特价值，也可以在我们具体的伦理体系与道德实践中体现出来。
自近代以来，整个世界在推进工业化和信息化的历史进程中，科技和生产力得到了前所未有的发展，创造了巨大的物质财富和文化财富，从而在很大程度上满足了人们的生存需求和发展需求，但同时也遭遇到了许多现代性问题。在出现生态危机的同时，也出现了心态危机、价值危机和道德危机；人类进化了智商，退化了智慧；发达了科技，淡化了人文。这种通过向外逐物、向自然掠索来满足欲望的文明发展模式极易导致人类逐物不返，将欲望变质为永无休止的“贪欲”，走向一种“深度迷失”。现代文明急需在重构中调整自己的价值航向，进而能够真正寻求到一条以人为本、多维和谐、走出异化怪圈的新的发展之路。如果我们能够从佛家智慧中汲取有益的营养，并从中衍生和转换为现代人所需要的生态智慧、道德智慧、和平智慧、和谐智慧和心理智能的话，那么，最古老的东方智慧将重新焕发出新的生命力并成为建设和谐社会的取之不竭的价值资源。
正如爱因斯坦、罗素等著名科学家所呼吁的那样：在科学发展的同时，不能忽视人性的觉悟，并且认为探索真理应该是两条路互补：一条是器证与推理，一条是觉悟与体证，甚至认为道德标准与道德价值应该置于科学真理之上。我们相信，佛教与科学的关系不但是一个富有内涵的研讨会命题，而且会导致思想的突破与实践的超越。这无论对佛法，对科学，都是值得欢喜赞叹的世纪福音。
Physics, Psychology and Ethics: Three Big Cross Points Between Buddhism and Science
Beiji
Modern days, taking Buddhism and science to a common terrace become new theory field. In this discussion, not only accomplished monks, there is also scientist, two totally different kinds powers seem to be looking for their integration points, the result is their theory fields open widely, and develop a new interdisciplinary subject.In many people’s eyes, they have a thought that Buddhism is superstition, equal superstition to Buddhism. Discovering the cross points between Buddhism and science is not to say that the Buddhism is science , but to remove people’s misunderstanding and prejudice to the Buddhism in this era, in the meantime it can also guide Buddhist clearing up the spring or source of moral character, make the Buddhism acquired new vitality in the new language territory; And many the special value of Buddhism not only can provide science a new way of understanding, and can also make up and correct some fulfillment imperfection and value of science. We have to say, these are a double action benefit for both Buddhism and science.
I think that "Buddhism and science" can carry out in three cross points, that is Physics, psychology and ethics
First, in the physics level, emptiness of Buddhism means dependently rising’s infinite possibilities, and science also finally point to "infinite great" and "infinite small" with the quest of macro scale and microcosmic, both of common targets is contact with whole, organic, and subjective-objective unity the purpose is to find out the truth of universe. Different from the other religions and philosophies, Buddhism do not have to have a ontology or a god, it sets out from sanditthiko, to general the origin rule in the confused things of the universe, and gets the conclusion of " Impermanence ", " No selfness ", and makes people do not pray guarding and protecting in the superstition by" Knowing and Seeing ", but get power form heart’s release; And accompany with the development of science, the mankind’s quest to the ontology and the epistemology is continuously also deepening. Just as contemporary British historians of science Brooker says:"to take the atom to the system of quantum mechanics single which contains every heritability can not be explain, the opposite is not working too, In the atom, the independent identity of basic grain son disappeared, the regulation of description system is not the ability deducing from the description that it constitute parts of regulations, they and their those systems included are placed in the relation of symbiosis, Bohr says: to look for life of harmonious, people must not forget, in the drama, our oneself since is an actor, and then is an audience."The different is, sanditthiko, demonstration, xingzhi, Mental capacity certificate, they are two big organic constitute part for mankind, which can not lack , xingzhi is humanities, valuable, a way , whole, intelligence, a view, emotion, direct insight is science , reasonableness , logic, mathematics, experiment, the intelligence for working, only breaking two things through to use both of them, the mankind then can continuously know universe and theirself, then can continuously have a detection and have innovation.The attitude of this kind is the essence of Buddhism and science, also the solid foundation that Buddhism and science can reach a negotiation.
Second, from the psychology level, the Buddhish can say that is the most ancient "School of Mind", Buddha thought his mission was to treat people’ anxiety. With the help of the intelligence of" insight accordant with reality" to "know oneself its heart, from clean its idea" is Buddhism’s peculiarities. We can find it in the Buddhism everywhere. The Buddha extremely analyzed the mind and consciousness, its samuppada, type, structure and function, and put forward a series of rcam and how to acquire a mind, it find a way to take the people to the Buddha. Because of having no ability to cure their hearts, modern people are so nervous, worry and anxiously etc. Buddha has eighty-four thousand kinds of teaching, every teaching is the method that can cure our. If we can know how to handle the intelligence of the Buddha and deal with bad ideas, so we can release a heart of unimaginable extraordinary effect. Harmonious world will be since from heart. Heart clean, the national is clean, heart peace then living things peace, the heart can even make the world peace. Modern western psychology such as Freud, Sigmund who invent the psychoanalyses, Carl G. Jung, who find collective unconsciousness, and Erich Fromm, Arthur Schopenhauer and E. Edmund Husserl, in their theories we can find the mark of the Buddhism. Western psychologist can do the research of human character based on the experiments and the data, but they limit in reforming personality. Buddhism psychology t provides many beneficial apocalypses for us.
Three, in the ethics, based on Cause and Effect in the Three Time Periods theory, Buddhism suggests: Don’t do any evil and pursue everything which is virtue, Self-purification of its meaning are all Buddhist, its have strong social culture function. Science gives the law of a causal relationship from general relationship, but the Buddhism then use this kind of cause and effect rule at the social ethics and the personality in, it has high reasonableness turns. The Buddha’s causal relationship theory eliminates the superstition color, also beef up “Self do, self have”. The Buddhism ethics specially emphasize result is built by the heart and we can control, thus we mankind could develop subjective activity, do good things, decontaminate existence environment, promote life state. according to such a principle, we carrying out "do a good thing one day, one day do good thing" and call more people do good thing at our side, from doing this we make people know what is good and kind, and turn into their own value claim, To their inside conviction, state of mind, state, habit and personality. We realize, kind and honest are like water, it will be everywhere. We want people to know it can not only good to themselves, but also good for others. We hope it will be a social behavior. We usually can not do a great matter, but we can do some small matters with the great love. If everybody can do a good thing a day, day after day, it will be a great matter.Buddhism’s special value in science and technology ages, can also come out in our concrete ethics systems and the morals fulfillments.
From modern age, the whole world is pushing forward industrialization and informationization progress, productive forces and science get an unprecedented development and create huge material wealth and cultural wealth, it is a large extent satisfied people’s existence and development needs, but at the same time, many modernity problems come out. While appearing an ecosystem crisis, also appearing a mindset crisis, value crisis and morals crisis; the mankind evolved intelligence quotient and deteriorated intelligence; Flourishing science and technology, downplayed humanities. This way which asks for outside and nature too much has cause many big problems. The modern civilization needs looking for a way come out. If we can take beneficial nourishment from the Buddhism intelligence, and get ecosystem intelligence, morals intelligence, peaceful intelligence, harmonious intelligence and words of wise mental state that the modern people need, the t ancient eastern intelligence will afresh shining new vitality, also become constuct harmonious society of value resources.
Just as what Einstein and Russell...etc said: When science develops, we can not neglect human nature, and they also think the way to quest the truth should have two roads and they are complementation : One is reasoning and experiment, the other is consciousness and sanditthiko, the ethical value and morals standard should be over the science.We believe that the relationship between Buddhism and science isn’t only a seminar that is rich with a content to set question, but also will cause the outstripping of breakthrough and fulfillment of thought. To the, to, is It is worth celebrating for both Buddhist and science .
作者简介：
悲寂，山西省太原市佛教协会副会长。
