56 To Ask For Nothing
56索无物喻
Once there were two men walking together, and they saw another person staining in vain to pull his cart of sesame out of a rut in the road. The person pulling the cart said to the two men, “Please give me a hand, so as to get this cart out of the rut.”
The two men asked, “What will you give us in return?”
The person said, “Nothing.”
The two men managed to pull the cart out anyway, and then to the cart owner they demanded, “Now give us something.”
He said, “I have nothing to give you.”
The two men asked, “Give us ‘nothing’ then!”
Then one of the two men smiled and said, “He doesn’t want to give us anything. There’s no use getting upset.”
The other man said, “He said he’d give us ‘nothing’. But that ‘nothing’ must be something.”
The word “nothing” that the first man spoke is a compound of two words that compose a false name. If common people of the world became attached to that “nothing”, they would be born in the Realm of Nothing Whatsoever. The “nothing” spoken of by the second man refers to “no marks, nothing wished for, and nothing done.”
译文
从前有两个人同行,见有人拉着一车胡麻在高坡中上不去。这时拉车者对那两人说:「帮我推推车,走出这个高坡。」这两人说道:「给我们什么物呢?」拉车者道:「无物给你们。」这两人就帮他推车,到了平地上,对拉车者说:「拿物来给我。」他说:「无物。』那人又要求道:「就给我无物。」另一个人含笑说道:「他不肯给,何必相逼呢?」那人说道:「无物给我们,那必定应有无物的。」另一个人说道:「无物么,这是两个词合起来表示意思,就叫做假名,假借名称来表示而已,并非要有个实物来相应。」
世俗凡夫执着于无物这个假名,以为必有一个相应的实物,于是就追求进入无所有的境界,反而执着于这个无所有。另一个说无物之意的人,则以为它就是无相,因为种种现象都没有自性,都是因缘和合,都是空的。明了了这一点,在世界上对一切事物就无所愿求,若是无所愿求了,也就不造作生死之业,也就是无相、无愿、无作。但并不是实际存在着一个无相、无愿、无作的实境可以去求取,一旦去求取的话,就如那人要求给他无物一样的荒谬,这就是另一个人说无物的意思。
原典
昔有二人道中共行,见有一人将胡麻车在崄路中不能得前。时将车者语彼二人:「佐我推车,出此崄路。」二人答言:「与我何物?」将车者言:「无物与汝。」时此二人即佐推车,至于平地,语将车人言:「与我物来。」答言:「无物。」又复语言:「与我无物。」二人之中,其一人者含笑而言:「彼不肯与,何足为愁?」其人答言:「与我无物,必应有无物。」其一人言:「无物者,二字共合,是为假名。」
世俗凡夫着无物者,便生无所有处。第二人言无物者,即是无相、无愿、无作。
解说
这是牵涉到词与物的问题。名实之间,多有不可对应的地方,尤其是论及玄理或显示某类最高境界的时候,往往如此。因而不可执着于言说,不能听闻无相(涅槃)就执着于无相,说无是为了祛除有,目的不在于无。为了挣脱这一层,佛家多藉用一语而又以另一语来祛除的办法,随说随扫,言说本身在作着自我分解的运作。